Metabolic functions occur in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells, as they produce energy and components essential for life through aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce the most ATP. It occurs through glycolysis in the cytosol, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain, which creates an ion gradient to produce additional ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen using alternative electron acceptors to still break down glucose through similar steps but producing less ATP.
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