6. WHAT IS CULTURE?
A GROUP OF PEOPLE IN A CERTAIN AREA?
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7. CULTURE
DEFINITION BY EC
“CULTURE IS A SET OF ATTITUDES,
BELIEFS, CUSTOMS, VALUES AND
PRACTICES, WHICH ARE COMMONLY
SHARED BY A GROUP.
THE “GROUP” MAY BE DEFINED IN TERMS
OF POLITICS, GEOGRAPHY, RELIGION,
ETHNICITY OR SOME OTHER
CHARACTERISTICS.”
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9. CULTURE AS A TOURIST PRODUCT
Heritage sites and monuments
All forms of arts
Crafts
Architecture and design
Sports
Agriculture & Gastronomy
Religion
Intangible heritage
Cultural events
Creative activities
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10. CULTURE AS A TOURIST PRODUCT
Street life in Cuba
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11. CULTURE AS A TOURIST PRODUCT
European Capital of Culture
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12. CULTURE AS A TOURIST PRODUCT
Harvest Festival in India
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13. CULTURE AS A TOURIST PRODUCT
Glass making in Italy
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14. CULTURE AS A TOURIST PRODUCT
Re-creational Culture? Staged Authenticity?
St Auguistine / USA
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15. CULTURE AS A TOURIST PRODUCT
Accommodation in Kenya
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16. CULTURE AS A TOURIST PRODUCT
Supplementary Product?
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19. DEMAND
Cultural
Tourism
accounts for
40% of
international
tourism
In the US, 30% of domestic toursts are influenced in their
choice of destination by a specific art, cultural or heritage
event or activitiy
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21. DEMAND
Educated and sophicticated market
Eager to learn about others’ lifestyles
High-income earners
Not extremely young
Special packaged-tours for long-distance destinations
vs independent holidays to mid- and short-distance
destinations
Usually are on longer holidays than short-breaks
Those with special interests are likely to become
repeat visitors
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22. Defining Society and Impacts
Society refers to impacts of tourismimpacts refers
SocialCultural the socio-cultural
impacts of tourism
The term
patterns of socialchangesto lives arts,
refers to changes resident’s everyday
to
refers to changes in thein the
experiences, as well as to their values,
of people of wayin destination and and artistic
living of life, and intellectual
organization and
artifacts, customs, rituals,
communities.
within communities.of a people.
architecture
products
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23. Factors Related to Individual Perceptions of Tourism
Residents who are likely to benefit are more likely to support
People with greater of involvement in and knowledge tend to support
Communities which have had little contact with outsiders have greater
difficulty than those with a longer history of dealing with other cultures.
Media portrayals influence host perceptions by providing information
which is used in the social construction of reality and which influence
public opinion.
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33. Factor associated with Tourism Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
The use of culture as a tourist attraction Increased support for traditional cultures Changes to traditional activities and arts to
and displays of ethnic identity. suit production for tourists.
Enhanced program of cultural and social Loss of traditional crafts and industries
events Disruption and crowding of traditional
Contribution to conservation of an area’s activities.
cultural heritage Commodification
Instilling a sense of pride in local residents Reconstructed ethnicity
Cultural erosion
Standardization
Loss of authenticity
Staged authencity
Direct contact between residents and Breakdown of negative stereotypes. Enhancement of negative stereotypes.
tourists Increased social opportunities. Distortion of local customs
Increased commercialism.
Meeting new people and learning about Introduction of diseases.
different cultures Demonstration effects
Strengthening communities Fragmentation of communities
Tourist areas may develop large
communities of second home owners and
expatriates
Alterations to religious codes
Changes in jobs and economic structure New economic and social opportunities Community conflict and tension
resulting in changes in social roles which decrease social inequity. Increased social inequity
Employment creation, income redistribution Loss of native language
and poverty alleviation.
Development of tourist facilities Increased recreational opportunities Loss of access to places and recreational
activities.
Formation of more sports and leisure
facilities
Increase population from tourists and Tourism as a force for peace Crowding and congestion increased crime
associated development. Summer Schools - 2012 e.g.fraud, prostitution, sex tourism drug
Support for medical, educational and other
34. Obstacles to Socio-cultural Understanding
Cultural shock
just for laughs Culture Shock - YouTube
Cultural hostility
Cultural arrogance
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35. Cultural Clashes
Economic inequality
Irritation due to tourist behaviour
Elephant Trunk Hit Knocks Out Annoying Tourist. He Had it Coming lol. So Funny - Y
Job level friction
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36. WHAT MIGHT BE THE STREATEGIES TO COPE
WITH THE ISSUE?
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37. Strategies to Manage Socio-cultural Impacts
Pre-travel information
On-site interpretation
Societal marketing practices
Facility design
A range of culture contact opportunities
Explanation of tourism issues
Community involvement in tourism planning
Developing conflict resolution skills
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38. It is all about CULTUREEEEE
Cultural diffusion
Cultural borrowing
Cultural drift
Cultural adaptation / adjustment
Cultural conflict
Acculturation
Assimilation
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39. CHALLENGES IN RESEARCH
Culture is difficult to measure
Not easy to split cultural resources and attractions from other
tourism products and services existing in a destination
Cultural resources are often taken granted by authorities
Difficult to conduct “culture” studies in multi-cultural
environments. Multi-disicpline approach is required.
Difficult to reach universally generalisable conclusions, or to
use same methodology to conduct research in different
destination settings
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40. REFERENCES
ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project (2006), www.tram-
research.com/atlas.
Anadolu University Publishing, 3rd International Tourism Cartoon
Competition, 2011
Georgia Tech, Economic Development Institution
Lecture 3: Social and Cultural Aspects of Tourism
Richards, G. (2001), Cultural Attractions and European Tourism,
CABI, Wallingford.
OECD (2009), The Impact of Culture on Tourism, OECD, Paris.
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Notas do Editor
Goffman
Cultural shock refers to the totality of reactions to new people and settings which result in ineffective behaviors. Cultural shock may be experienced by either visitors or their hosts. Cultural hostility is a form of cultural rejection or denial, often associated with anger and aggression. Cultural arrogance is defined as the continued practice of following one’s own cultural rules while disregarding the feelings and perspectives of the host community. Tourist behaviors that breaking known morale, religious or social codes are example of continuing arrogance on the part of the visitors. Displaying superficial local traditions and customs to tourists is a form of cultural arrogance. Designing international hotels in Western styles and showing little respect and appreciation for the local traditions is another example of cultural arrogance Culture change occurs as a result of : evolutionary changes occurring within a society, changes in the way people live, and contact between societies and groups from different cultures (e.g., hosts and visitors).
Economic inequality Many tourists come from societies with different consumption patterns and lifestyles than what is current at the destination, seeking pleasure, spending large amounts of money and sometimes behaving in ways that even they would not accept at home. One effect is that local people that come in contact with these tourists may develop a sort of copying behaviour, as they want to live and behave in the same way. Especially in less developed countries, there is likely to be a growing distinction between the 'haves' and 'have-nots', which may increase social and sometimes ethnic tensions. In resorts in destination countries such as Jamaica, Indonesia or Brazil, tourism employees with annual salaries of US$ 1,500 spend their working hours in close contact with guests whose yearly income is well over US$ 80,000. In many Muslim countries, strict standards exist regarding the appearance and behaviour of Muslim women, who must carefully cover themselves in public. Tourists in these countries often disregard or are unaware of these standards, ignoring the prevalent dress code, appearing half-dressed (by local standards) in revealing shorts, skirts or even bikinis, sunbathing topless at the beach or consuming large quantities of alcohol openly. Besides creating ill-will, this kind of behavior can be an incentive for locals not to respect their own traditions and religion anymore, leading to tensions within the local community. The same types of culture clashes happen in conservative Christian communities in Polynesia, the Caribbean and the Mediterranean. In developing countries especially, many jobs occupied by local people in the tourist industry are at a lower level, such as housemaids, waiters, gardeners and other practical work, while higher-paying and more prestigious managerial jobs go to foreigners or "urbanized" nationals. Due to a lack of professional training, as well as to the influence of hotel or restaurant chains at the destination, people with the know-how needed to perform higher level jobs are often recruited from other countries. This may cause friction and irritation and increases the gap between the cultures. Even in cases where tourism "works", in the sense that it improves local economies and the earning power of local individuals, it cannot solve all local social or economic problems. Sometimes it substitutes new problems for old ones.
Cultural diffusion refers to the spread of cultural elements such as ideas, styles, food, religions, technologies, etc., between individuals and groups within a single culture or from one culture to another The effect of culture diffusion is changing local cultural features (dressing, styles, food) and traditions; creating new products, services, and jobs; changing beliefs and ideas and improving the quality of life. Cultural borrowing occurs when two cultures come into contact and borrow each other’s traditions, customs or values. As a result of cultural borrowing in developing countries, the original culture of the host societies becomes weaker (they develop a Western style of society) and the culture of the tourist societies becomes stronger. Cultural drift refers to a temporary and random cultural change. A good example of cultural drift is a temporary change in language; over time, pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling and even grammar can change Acculturation ‘‘results when groups of individuals from different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, which causes changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups. Acculturation ‘‘results when groups of individuals from different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, which causes changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups. Cultural adaptation refers to adaptation of elements of other culture. Hosts need to adapt some elements of tourist culture in order to meet tourists’ needs. Host communities are usually pro-active and adapt to different categories of tourists despite stereotypes . honeymoon stage, hostility stage, integration/ acceptance stage, and home stage assimilation occurs when a person fully adapts mainstream values of a new culture and gives up his/her cultural heritage Conflicts arise because those in contact (individuals or groups) are from different cultures. Culture is a major factor in culture conflict.