2. Chapter Introduction Section 1 The Nile Valley Section 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom Section 3 The Egyptian Empire Section 4 The Civilization of Kush Reading Review Chapter Assessment Ancient Egypt Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

4. Ancient Egypt

6. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section traces the emergence of the Egyptian civilization along the banks of the Nile River and the steps taken to create one united kingdom. The Nile Valley

10. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information Create a diagram like the one on page 38 of your textbook to describe Egyptians’ irrigation systems. The Nile Valley

15. How did natural protection help Egypt? Enemies had difficulty attacking the country. Keeping people safe helped the Egyptian population grow. The Nile Valley

19. Why might scribes be important to Egyptian civilization? Rulers and other people in power, such as priests and priestesses, needed scribes for record keeping. Few people could go to school to be scribes, so there were not many people the rulers could hire to work as scribes. The Nile Valley

23. In what ways was ancient Egypt like Mesopotamia? Both had access to powerful rivers, economies based on farming and trade, government to help the people, artisans to create products, and technological advances. The Nile Valley

28. How are U.S. children today like children of ancient Egypt? How are they different? Both can play with toys and games. However, all children are required by law to go to school in the United States. In ancient Egypt, few children went to school. Also, U.S. girls today can learn farming or a trade skill, and boys can learn to sew and cook. The Nile Valley

29. What is papyrus and how did the Egyptians use it? It is a reed plant that was used to make baskets, sandals, river rafts, and paper. The Nile Valley

30. Women could own and pass on property, buy and sell goods, make wills, obtain divorces, and take part in religious ceremonies. What rights did women have in ancient Egypt? The Nile Valley

31. Geography Skills How did the geography of the Nile River valley lead to the growth of a civilization there? The Nile River valley had natural barriers for protection, enriched soil for farming, and the river and seas for trade. The Nile Valley

32. Describe Describe the Egyptian writing system. Picture symbols, called hieroglyphics, stood for objects, ideas, and sounds. The Nile Valley

33. Analyze What was the significance of Narmer’s double crown? It symbolized the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt. The Nile Valley

34. Explain what the “gift of the Nile” means. The Nile Valley

36. Egypt’s Old Kingdom Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section discusses government, religion, and ways of life during the Old Kingdom.

40. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information Use a graphic organizer like the one on page 47 of your textbook to identify the different beliefs in Egypt’s religion. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

43. How did people show respect to pharaohs? People bowed down or touched their heads to the ground and played music when the pharaoh appeared in public. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

48. Why was it important for pharaohs to reach the afterlife? Egyptians believed pharaohs would continue to care for Egypt once they reached the afterlife. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

51. The Pyramids (cont.) Egypt’s Old Kingdom (pages 50 – 52)

54. What mathematical advances did the Egyptians make while working on the pyramids? They invented the base-10 number system and created fractions. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

55. How was stone for a pyramid transported to the building site? Cut blocks were placed on a sled and dragged over a path of logs to the Nile, then floated on a barge to the building site. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

56. They learned the use of herbs and drugs to treat illnesses, and how to sew up cuts and set broken bones. What did Egyptians learn from embalming bodies? Egypt’s Old Kingdom

57. Math/Science Link How did the building of the pyramids lead to advances in science and mathematics? The Egyptians used astronomy to find true north. They developed the 12-month calendar and a number system based on 10. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

58. Compare and Contrast How did the Egyptians’ religious beliefs compare to those of the Mesopotamians? Both believed in many gods and goddesses. Mesopotamians took a gloomy view of the afterlife; Egyptians took a hopeful view. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

59. Persuasive Writing Suppose you are an Egyptian pharaoh who wants a pyramid built to house your tomb. Write a letter to the farmers and workers in your kingdom explaining why it is their duty to build the pyramid for you. Answers will vary. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

60. Name some of the achievements made during the Old Kingdom. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

62. The Egyptian Empire Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section discusses the cultural advances and territorial expansion that occurred during the Middle and New Kingdoms.

67. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Categorizing Information Create a diagram like the one on page 59 of your textbook to show the major accomplishments of Ramses II. The Egyptian Empire

71. Why do you think arts, literature, and architecture flourished during the Middle Kingdom period? It was a period of political stability and economic prosperity. The Egyptian Empire

74. How was Hatshepsut unlike other pharaohs? She focused on trade instead of military conquests. The Egyptian Empire

78. What happened as a result of the removal of the priests? The priests were experienced in ruling Egypt. When Amenhotep neglected his duties, the priests were no longer available to make important decisions. The Egyptian Empire

81. In addition to religious purposes, what other purpose did the temples serve? The temples also served as banks. People stored valuable items in the temples, such as jewelry and oils. The Egyptian Empire

82. The Egyptian Empire What improvements did the Middle Kingdom rulers make? They added more waterways and dams for irrigation, increased the amount of land used for farming, built a canal between the Nile River and Red Sea, and improved art and architecture.

83. What purposes did temples serve in Egypt? Temple were houses for gods and goddesses, places for priests to perform rituals, banks, and warehouses. The Egyptian Empire

84. Evaluate What was unusual about the reign of Hatshepsut? She was the first woman to rule Egypt in her own right. The Egyptian Empire

85. Analyze How did Akhenaton upset the traditional order? He stopped worship of old gods in favor of one god. The Egyptian Empire

86. Compare and Contrast Describe the similarities and differences between the rule of Hatshepsut and Ramses II? Similarities: built many temples; Differences: Hatshepsut increased Egypt’s wealth through trade; Ramses II waged war to expand the empire. The Egyptian Empire

87. Create a list of Egyptian achievements during the Middle and New Kingdoms. The Egyptian Empire

89. The Civilization of Kush Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section traces how the Nubians built the civilization of Kush, which eventually took control of Egypt.

93. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Compare and Contrast Use a Venn diagram like the one on page 68 of your textbook, to show the similarities and differences between Napata and Meroë. The Civilization of Kush

97. Before the invasion by Egypt, how did the people of Kerma help the Egyptians? The people of Kerma traded with the Egyptians and served as warriors in the Egyptian armies. The Civilization of Kush

102. How did iron working skills help the Kushites? They could make farming tools with iron. These superior tools helped them grow more crops. They also could make iron spears and swords. Traders also traded iron to other peoples. The Civilization of Kush

103. The Civilization of Kush Who were the Nubians? The Nubians were cattle herders in the savannas and founders of Kerma.

104. The Civilization of Kush What were the Kushites’ most important economic activities? The Kushites’ most important economic activities were trade and ironworking.

105. Geography Skills Why was Napata’s location advantageous? It was located at a point where trade caravans crossed the Nile. The Civilization of Kush

106. Analyze How did the Kushite kings demonstrate their admiration for Egyptian culture? They built similar monuments, temples, and pyramids. The Civilization of Kush

107. Compare Describe the similarities between Kush and Egypt? Possible answers: Kush modeled architecture on Egypt; both profited from trade along the Nile. The Civilization of Kush

108. Discuss how geography linked Kush and Egypt. The Civilization of Kush

117. Section 1 The Nile Valley What natural barriers protected Egypt from invasion? deserts, cataracts in the Nile, and delta marshes Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

118. What factors divided Egyptians into social groups? wealth and power Section 1 The Nile Valley Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

119. Section 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom What were the Egyptians’ religious beliefs? They believed in many gods and goddesses and in an afterlife. Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

120. Where did Egyptians of the Old Kingdom bury their pharaohs? They buried pharaohs in large tombs, often in pyramids. Section 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

121. Section 3 The Egyptian Empire Why was the Middle Kingdom called a golden age? It was a time of prosperity, the empire was strong, and advances were made in the arts and architecture. Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

122. Why are Akhenaton and Tutankhamen well-known? Akhenaton tried to change Egypt’s religion. Tutankhamen’s tomb was found with many treasures. Section 3 The Egyptian Empire Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

123. Section 4 The Civilization of Kush Where did the Nubians live? The Nubians lived on the Nile in present-day Sudan. Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

124. What made the Kushites wealthy? Trade and iron gave them superior weapons and better farming tools. Section 4 The Civilization of Kush Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

125. Describe Identify the four social groups in ancient Egypt, and explain who belonged to each group. Top : pharaoh and royal family; Upper class : priests, army commanders, and nobles; Middle class : traders, artisans, shopkeepers, and other skilled workers; Lower class : unskilled workers and farmers. Ancient Egypt

126. Synthesize How do you think religious leaders reacted to Akhenaton’s changes? Religious leaders probably resisted because Akhenaton’s changes would result their loss of power and would challenge their belief systems. Ancient Egypt

127. Analyze Do you agree that Egyptian civilization can be called “the Gift of the Nile”? Explain. Answers will vary, but you should note how much Egyptians relied on the Nile. Ancient Egypt

128. Compare In what ways did Meroë look like an Egyptian city? Meroë had small pyramids, a huge temple at the end of a grand avenue lined with sculptures, and decorated walls. Ancient Egypt

130. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 2-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com

131. Map s Ancient Egypt c. 3100 B.C. Egyptian Kingdoms Kush Kingdom c. 250 B.C. Chart Comparing Mesopotamia to Egypt Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

132. Click the map to view an interactive version.

133. Click the map to view an interactive version.

136. After developing their method of papermaking using papyrus, the Egyptians kept the process secret, so others could not make paper. In this way, papyrus became even more valuable. The Nile Valley

137. Myths are stories people use to understand nature and their place in the world. Egyptian mythology was based on nature; the sky, sun, stars, and moon; and the Nile River. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

138. The city of Thebes contains more than 60 tombs. One of the first archaeological digs in Thebes occurred in 1816. Four archaeological expeditions are currently at work in the area. The Egyptian Empire

139. The upper class in ancient Egypt had indoor bathrooms, though they did not have running water. The Civilization of Kush

140. What Do You Predict? Learn It! Reading Social Studies A prediction is a guess based on what you already know. Making predictions before you read can help you understand and remember what you read. How do you make predictions? Read the Main Ideas on the next slide. They were taken from the opening page of Section 2 on page 47 in your textbook. Use these main ideas to make predictions about what you will read in this chapter.

143. Ancient Egypt Introduction

144. The Nile Valley

145. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

146. The Egyptian Empire

147. The Civilization of Kush

148. Hymn to the Nile

149. Selecting a New King

150. Focus on Everyday Life Harvesting wheat and turning it into bread was vital to the ancient Egyptians. Some people were full-time farmers, but many others were drafted by the government to help during busy seasons. The process began as men cut the wheat with wooden sickles and women gathered it into bundles. Animals trampled the wheat to separate the kernels from the husks. The grain w was then thrown into the air so the wind w would carry away the lightweight seed c coverings. Finally, the grain was stored I in silos for later use. From Farming to Food

151. Focus on Everyday Life Turning grain into bread was a long process. Women ground the grain into flour, then men pounded it until it became very fine. For the wealthy, seeds, honey, fruit, nuts, and herbs were added to the dough for flavor. Unfortunately, it was almost impossible to keep small stones and sand out of the flour. As a result, many Egyptians developed tooth decay as these particles wore down their tooth enamel. From Farming to Food

152. Focus on Everyday Life The government drafted people to help during the busy seasons. 1. How did the government ensure that enough people were available to harvest the wheat? 2. Why do you think seeds, fruit, and other additives were reserved for the wealthy? Those additives might have been expensive or hard to obtain.

153. Hatshepsut Ramses II Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding biography.

154. Reigned 1503–1482 B.C. Hatshepsut

155. Reigned 1279–1213 B.C. Ramses II Statue of Ramses II holding an offering table. Coffin of Ramses II

156. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2–1 Chapter 2

157. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 – 2 Chapter 2

158. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 – 3 Chapter 2

159. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 – 4 Chapter 2

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