1. FLASH CARDS Chapter 2 EDU 144 Child Development I

2. The central process of social learning, by which a person observes the actions of others and then copies them. Click for Term

4. A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior. Click for Term

6. A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior; also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned. Click for Term

8. Theories that are comprehensive, enduring, and widely applied in the field of human development i.e. psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism and cognitive theory. Click for Term

10. A technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something desired, such as food for a hungry animal or a welcoming smile for a lonely person. Click for Term

12. In sociocultural theory, a technique in which skilled mentors help novices learn not only by providing instruction but also by allowing direct, shared involvement in the activity. Click for Term

14. According to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to a particular stimuli and learning takes place; used to emphasize the importance of repeated practice, as when an athlete trains for a long time. Click for Term

16. An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior. Even without reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people. Click for Term

18. An emergent theory of development that considers both the genetic origins of behavior (within each person and within each species) and the direct, systematic influence that environmental forces have, over time, on genes. Click for Term

20. A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Click for Term

22. The approach taken by most developmentalists, in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory. Click for Term

24. Vygotsky’s term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society. Click for Term

26. In sociocultural theory, a metaphorical area, or “zone” surrounding a learner that includes all the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help. Click for Term