13. 10 µm
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
G2 of Interphase
Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
(duplicated)
Nuclear
envelope
Plasma
membrane
Prophase
Early mitotic
spindle
Aster
Centromere
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
Prometaphase
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Kinetochore
Metaphase
Nonkinetochore
microtubules
Kinetochore
microtubule
Anaphase
Metaphase
plate
Spindle
Centrosome at
one spindle pole
Telophase and Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow
Daughter
chromosomes
Nuclear
envelope
forming
Nucleolus
forming
14. Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
G2 of Interphase
Centrosomes
(with centriole
pairs)
Chromatin
(duplicated)
Prophase
Early mitotic
spindle
Plasma
membrane
Nucleolus
Nuclear
envelope
• A nuclear envelope
encloses the nucleus
• Nucleolus (nucleoli) are
visible
• Centrosome (two centroles)
duplicated, therefore two
centrosomes
• Duplicated chromosomes
have not yet condensed
Aster
Centromere
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
• Chromatin is condensing into
chromosomes
• Nucleolus (nucleoli) disappear
• Duplicated chromosomes
appear as two identical sister
chromatids
• Mitotic spindle begins to form,
see asters
• Centrosome move away from
each other
Prometaphase
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Kinetochore
Nonkinetochore
microtubules
Kinetochore
microtubule
• Nuclear envelope fragments
• Microtubules from centrosomes
invade nuclear area
• Chromosomes more condensed,
have kinetochores
• Microtubules attach to
kinetochores, become
‘kinetochores microtubules’
• Nonkinetochores microtubules
interact with those of opposite pole
of spindle
15. Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
Metaphase
Metaphase
plate
Spindle
Centrosome at
one spindle pole
• Centrosomes at opposite poles
of the cells
• Chromosomes convened at
metaphase plate, centromere lie
at the metaphase plate
• For each chromosome, the
kinetochores of the sister
chromatids are attach
to,kinetochores microtubules
coming from opposite poles.
Anaphase
Telophase and Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow
Nucleolus
forming
Nuclear
Daughter
envelope
chromosomes
forming
• Shortest stage of mitosis
• Two daughter nuclei. Nuclear
• Sister chromatids of each pair
envelope arise.
• Nucleolus (nucleoli) reappear
separate (each one now is a
• Chromosomes are less
chromosome)
• Kinetochores microtubules
condensed
• Remaining spindle microtubules
shorten and chromosomes
move toward opposite ends of
are depolymerized.
• Mitosis, the nucleus division into
the cell
• Nonkinetochores microtubules
two identical nuclei is complete
lengthen and the cell elongates --------------------------------------------• End of anaphase, two complete • Cytokinesis in animal cells is
equivalent collections of
sinchronized with telophase
chromosomes
16. 10 µm
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
G2 of Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
17. 10 µm
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase and Cytokinesis
21. Figure 12.9 Inquiry: At which end do kinetochore microtubules shorten during anaphase?
CONCLUSION
Microtubule
Chromosome
movement
Motor protein
Chromosome
Kinetochore
Tubulin
subunits
24. Figure 12.10 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)
Cleavage furrow
Contractile ring of
microfilaments
100 µm
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)
Vesicles
forming
cell plate
Wall of parent cell
Cell plate
1 µm
New cell wall
Daughter cells
Daughter cells
25. Figure 12.10 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)
Cleavage furrow
Contractile ring of
microfilaments
100 µm
Daughter cells
26. Figure 12.10 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)
Vesicles Wall of parent cell
forming
Cell plate
cell plate
1 µm
New cell wall
Daughter cells
36. Figure 12.17 Molecular control of the cell cycle at the G2 checkpoint.
M
G1
S G2
M
G1 S
G2
M
G1
MPF activity
Cyclin
concentration
G
S
1
Time
(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration
during the cell cycle
Cdk
Cyclin is
degraded
2
M
G
Degraded
cyclin
G2
Cdk
checkpoint
MPF
Cyclin
(b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle
38. Figure 12.18 The effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on cell division.
Scalpels
1 A sample of human
connective tissue is
cut up into small
pieces.
2 Enzymes digest
the extracellular
matrix, resulting in
a suspension of
free fibroblasts.
Petri
dish
3 Cells are transferred to
culture vessels.
Without PDGF
4 PDGF is added
to half the
vessels.
With PDGF
10 µm
42. Figure 12.20 The growth and metastasis of a malignant breast tumor.
Tumor
Lymph
vessel
Blood
vessel
Glandular
tissue
Cancer
cell
1 A tumor grows
from a single
cancer cell.
Metastatic
tumor
2 Cancer
cells invade
neighboring
tissue.
3 Cancer cells spread
through lymph and
blood vessels to
other parts of the
body.
4 Cancer cells
may survive
and establish
a new tumor
in another part
of the body.
Cohesins-proteins thanbind sister chromatids along the chromosome
Walther Flemming was responsible for the discovery of mitosis, which refers to cell division.
in 1882.
Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/33094.aspx#ixzz1QUZH0W70
For the Cell Biology Video Myosin and Cytokinesis, go to Animation and Video Files.
Human cells cycle - 24hr
M- < 1hr; S10-12hrs; G2 4-6;G1 5-6hrs.
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
For the Cell Biology Video Spindle Formation During Mitosis, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Microtubules in Anaphase, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 12.9 Inquiry: At which end do kinetochore microtubules shorten during anaphase?
For the Cell Biology Video Microtubules in Cell Division, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 12.10 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
Figure 12.10 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
Figure 12.10 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
Figure 12.11 Mitosis in a plant cell.
Figure 12.12 Bacterial cell division by binary fission.
Figure 12.17 Molecular control of the cell cycle at the G2 checkpoint.
Figure 12.18 The effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on cell division.
Figure 12.20 The growth and metastasis of a malignant breast tumor.
Figure 12.UN01 Summary figure, Concept 12.2
Figure 12.UN02 Test Your Understanding, question 7
Figure 12.UN03 Appendix A: answer to Figure 12.4 legend question
Figure 12.UN04 Appendix A: answer to Figure 12.8 legend question
Figure 12.UN05 Appendix A: answer to Test Your Understanding, question 7
Figure 12.UN06 Appendix A: answer to Test Your Understanding, question 10