1. Circulation Notes Continued

2. Rh antigen/factor
• Rh positive
– Antigen is present
– Dominant trait
• Rh negative
– Antigen is absent
– Recessive trait
• Rh+ and Rh- are incompatible

3. Potential Pregnancy
• Mom: Rh -
• Father: Rh +
• Child: Rh +
• Mother creates antibodies against the Rh factor
– Rh + baby is treated like an intruder in the mother’s body
• Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) is a blood product given via
injection to help the Rh – mother
• Suppresses her ability to react to the Rh + red cells

4. Compatibility of Blood Activity
When an antiserum is added to
blood and clotting occurs, the blood
contains that antigen

5. Tissue Types
(There are four types you should know.)

6. Tissue Types of Muscle
(You should know all three.)

7. Blood vessels
• Arteries
– Structure
• Inner endothelium – single layer of cells
• Smooth muscle
• Connective tissue
– Types
• Aorta
• Arterioles (small arteries)

8. Blood Vessels
• Veins
– Structure
• Inner endothelium
• Smooth muscle
• Connective tissue
• VALVES – prevents backflow
– Types
• Vena cavas
• Venules

9. Special Note
• Depends on surrounding skeletal muscle to
bring blood back to the heart

10. Be sure to know how to tell the difference between an
artery and vein by description and/or picture.

11. Blood Vessels
• Capillaries
– One cell thick
– Connects arteries
and veins
– Diffusion takes
place in these
blood vessels.
– Found all over the body
& easy to break

12. • Be sure to know the following picture
below.

14. Blood
• Type of connective tissue - in liquid form
• Allows for transport within the circulatory system
• Functions
– Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
– Transports wastes and carbon dioxide away from cells
– Transfers heat to the surface of the skin
– Defends the body against disease

15. Blood composition
• Plasma
– Makes up 55% of of blood
– Sticky, yellowish fluid
– Made up mostly of water
– Made up of dissolved substances like vitamins,
minerals, amino acids, glucose, hormones, and
wastes

16. Blood composition
• Proteins
– Fibrinogen
• Helps in the formation of blood clots
– Serum albumin
• Regulates osmotic pressure between the plasma and
blood cells and the plasma and tissue
– Serum globulin
• Acts as antibodies, fight invaders

17. Blood composition
• Blood solids
– Makes up 45% of blood
– Red blood cells (RBC)
• Erythrocytes
• Transports oxygen with the help of hemoglobin
• Mature RBCs have no nucleus or organelles
• Have a life span of 120 days
• RBC removed by the liver and spleen
• 30 trillion circulate in the body at any one time
• Produced in the bone marrow

19. Blood solids
• White blood cells
– Leukocytes
– Defends against disease
– Made in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
– Larger than RBCs but less is present
– Life span long
– Two types
• Phagocytes (engulf foreign invaders)
• Antibodies (localizes invaders for phagocytes to ingest)

20. Blood solids
• Platelets
– Thrombocytes
– Cell fragments
(pieces of cytoplasm with no nucleus)
– Life span of about 1 week
– Help form blood clots

22. Blood clotting
• Cut
• Platelets congregate to the site of cut
• Blood vessels constrict
• Blood flow decreases
• Clotting factors are released
• Prothrombin (a protein) is added
• Thrombin (enzyme) work with fibrinogen
• Forms fibrin (long, sticky threads)
• Fibrin with erythrocytes form a clot, or scab
Click on the following link for an animation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx0zWdQqTWE

23. Bruising
• Blood vessel broken under the skin
• Red blood cells that leak out into the tissue
lose their oxygen and the hemoglobin turns a
bluish purple color
• Later, as hemoglobin is broken down, the
bruise may turn yellowish or greenish

24. Transplants
• Rejection of transplanted organs results from
recipients’ body producing antibodies in
response to donor’s organ
• Like in pregnancies, antiserums may be taken

25. Blood transfusion
• Patient MUST receive a matching blood type
or Blood type O- or else agglutination may
occur

26. Blood Donation Guide
Blood Type Receive from Donate To
Type A A, O A, AB
Type B B, O B, AB
Type AB AB, A, B, O AB
Type O O A, B, AB, O
• Type AB – universal receiver
• Type O – universal donor

28. Lymphatic System
• A network of organs,
lymph nodes,
lymph ducts,
and lymph vessels

29. Function
• Maintains fluid balance in the internal environment
– Returns excess fluid to the blood
– Example:
• When a body part swells, it may be because there is too
much fluid in the tissues in that area
• Immunity
– Defends the body against foreign invaders
– Example:
• Contain phagocytic cells serving to filter bacteria and
dead cells and alerts the immune system

30. Other systems involved…
• Closely connected with the circulatory system
& immune system
• WHY?
– Lymph comes from blood and returns to blood
– Lymph vessels are similar to veins & capillaries
– Aids in immunity

32. Lymph
• Clear fluid that circulates around the body
tissues
• Contains a high number of lymphocytes (WBC)
• Process
– Plasma leaks out of the capillaries to surround and
bathe the body tissues
– Drains into the lymph vessels

33. Lymph Process
• The fluid,
now called lymph,
flows through the
biggest lymph vessel
(thoracic duct)
• Thoracic duct
then
empties back into
the blood circulation
via the subclavian veins

34. Transportation system
• Lymph capillaries
• Lymph vessels
• Two large ducts
– Right lymphatic duct
– Thoracic duct
• Two large veins (subclavian veins) in the upper
chest

36. Lymph Nodes
• Small clumps of cells found on many vessels
– Neck, armpits, inner elbows, and groin
– Abdomen, pelvis, chest
• Filter lymph to rid the body of foreign
particles, tissue debris, and microorganism
• Produce lymphocytes to help fight disease

37. Other organs
• Spleen
– Helps in immunity
(protection against
infection)
– Stores blood for the body
& releases it when needed
– Destroys bacteria
– Destroys worn out & damaged platelets
– Destroys worn out & damaged RBCs

38. Other organs…
• Thymus
– Small gland under the breast bone
– Helps produce white blood cells
• Tonsils
– Help protect the
against
bacteria and viruses