1. The Long 19th Century Brandy Maddox History 141 Class 71154

2. Americas in the 19th century The 19th century marked a time of independence from European rule for many American states in the north and south. Many migrated from Asian and European countries in hopes of gaining economic, social, and religious freedom Migration greatly increased ethnic diversity in the western hemisphere There was a great effort to build societies based on social, political, economic, and religious freedom, but was difficult given the enormous diversity

3. Building American states Canada & Latin America Canada gained independence without war Canada managed to avoid civil war despite diversity Latin America was plagued with war and division. Latin America was split into many states, even within the states there was division. Stability seemed impossible United States With the 19th century came huge expansions Wars were prevalent, both with indigenous people and between different regions (civil war)

4. Little ice age A global cooling off period Extreme weather caused the death of thousands Made potato farming prevalent Forced migration to the Americas because of famines and disease Weather played large role in outcome of wars

5. Frontiers of the americas Louisiana Purchase United States purchased land from New Orleans up to the now Canadian border from France. Makes up 40% of the United States. Purchase price was 15 million. There were many small events that lined up to make this purchase happen. A change in any of those events could have meant a very different future for the United States. Technically, it was unconstitutional for Jefferson to make a land purchase. The Haitian Revolution may have been one of the biggest factors in France’s decision to sell their piece of land. They had not anticipated the length or brutality of that war. Napoleon needed more cash to continue to fight the Haitian rebels.

6. Frontiers of the Americas North American Frontier Prince Max and artist Karl Bodmer recorded the culture of Native Americans before they were forced from their lands United States gained the North American Frontier very violently Native American’s cherish the work done by Prince Max and bodmer because it captures their real identities South American Frontier Extreme violence, knife dueling, was used for show to gain social status, honor, pride, etc. The 19th century marked a time of extreme violence and political turmoil in South America Violence was normal in the everyday lives of those living on the frontiers of Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and other places in the South American Frontier

7. Crossroads of Freedom The Battle at Antetiam- US Civil War Written by James McPherson “The Battle that Changed the Course of the Civil War”

8. Crossroads of freedom Characters of Influence General McClellan General Lee President Lincoln General McClellan changed the course of the war by his lack of action and overestimation of opposing forces on several occasions President Lincoln had one of the hardest presidency’s. Without the difficult decisions he made, we may not be the United States today. General Lee was basically the opposite of McClellan. He was very bold and optimistic about the ability of his troops.

9. Crossroads of Freedom Politics of the Civil War President Lincoln used the victory at Antietam to pass the Emancipation Proclamation which eventually ended slavery in the U.S. Without a victory by the Union at Antietam, Britain and France very well may have interceded. If that had been the case, we would be living in a very different world. The battle at Antietam was one of many turning points in a war that flip-flopped many times in regards to who was “winning”. The election of Lincoln sparked the start of the civil war The civil war was fought for more than issues of slavery. Some of these issues include: Power of state government over federal, tariffs, free soil, etc.

10. Crossroads of Freedom Themes Many small events led to the outcome of the war, one small change in any of those could have meant a very different North America The morale of the soldiers and citizens played a large role in the outcome of many battles. The interference, or lack thereof, of foreign governments also played a role in the outcome of the war. Effects on History The civil war brought an end to slavery in the U.S. It also led in the reconstructionist era. The power of the federal government over state’s affairs was increased. Even today, there is still a sense of “Southern Pride” in many southern states. Foreign intervention may have been more likely, but many of them were involved in wars or other tension themselves.