Enviar pesquisa
Carregar
Voltage frequency converter
•
3 gostaram
•
4,291 visualizações
Xi Qiu
Seguir
Educação
Negócios
Tecnologia
Denunciar
Compartilhar
Denunciar
Compartilhar
1 de 15
Baixar agora
Baixar para ler offline
Recomendados
Frequency to voltage converter.final
Frequency to voltage converter.final
prashant singh
Sig con
Sig con
Rolliezt A Petrucci
Voltage to-frequency and frequency-to-voltage converter
Voltage to-frequency and frequency-to-voltage converter
The Hoa Nguyen
Op amp applications cw nonlinear applications
Op amp applications cw nonlinear applications
JUNAID SK
Reflectometer Product Cal/Test Signal Simulation
Reflectometer Product Cal/Test Signal Simulation
Stephen Nibblett
sensro Ie bab3 scc
sensro Ie bab3 scc
Siti Nurbayti
Sem2 ic b1_op_amp
Sem2 ic b1_op_amp
Jitin Pillai
Basic op amp circuits
Basic op amp circuits
Jamil Ahmed
Recomendados
Frequency to voltage converter.final
Frequency to voltage converter.final
prashant singh
Sig con
Sig con
Rolliezt A Petrucci
Voltage to-frequency and frequency-to-voltage converter
Voltage to-frequency and frequency-to-voltage converter
The Hoa Nguyen
Op amp applications cw nonlinear applications
Op amp applications cw nonlinear applications
JUNAID SK
Reflectometer Product Cal/Test Signal Simulation
Reflectometer Product Cal/Test Signal Simulation
Stephen Nibblett
sensro Ie bab3 scc
sensro Ie bab3 scc
Siti Nurbayti
Sem2 ic b1_op_amp
Sem2 ic b1_op_amp
Jitin Pillai
Basic op amp circuits
Basic op amp circuits
Jamil Ahmed
Comparators
Comparators
Zulkarnain Arifin
Schmitt trigger
Schmitt trigger
Divesh12122001
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
SIVA NAGENDRA REDDY
Basic Electronics 5 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
Basic Electronics 5 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
Mathivanan Velumani
Op amp comparator
Op amp comparator
Ahmadoof
Pdc manual
Pdc manual
Uppara Suresh
Transient response of RC , RL circuits with step input
Transient response of RC , RL circuits with step input
Dr.YNM
Non linear applications of op amp
Non linear applications of op amp
AsheeshKumar67
Unit-2 AC-DC converter
Unit-2 AC-DC converter
johny renoald
Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
Divyanshu Rai
Schmitt trigger circuit
Schmitt trigger circuit
taranjeet10
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
taruntiru
Ad598
Ad598
Yousaf Hameed
l control single phase rectifier
l control single phase rectifier
Zahid Nawaz
aec lab question Bank
aec lab question Bank
Gopal Krishna Murthy C R
A new precision peak detector full wave rectifier
A new precision peak detector full wave rectifier
Vishal kakade
tca785
tca785
101conan
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET
Praveen Kumar
Op amp
Op amp
Pooja Jain
Common mode rejection ratio (cmrr) and the operational amplifier
Common mode rejection ratio (cmrr) and the operational amplifier
Edgefxkits & Solutions
Q meter ppt
Q meter ppt
Pushkar Singh
Manage It - A step towards the International Forest Year [Ignite Ahmedabad - ...
Manage It - A step towards the International Forest Year [Ignite Ahmedabad - ...
Samarth Shah
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Mais procurados
Comparators
Comparators
Zulkarnain Arifin
Schmitt trigger
Schmitt trigger
Divesh12122001
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
SIVA NAGENDRA REDDY
Basic Electronics 5 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
Basic Electronics 5 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
Mathivanan Velumani
Op amp comparator
Op amp comparator
Ahmadoof
Pdc manual
Pdc manual
Uppara Suresh
Transient response of RC , RL circuits with step input
Transient response of RC , RL circuits with step input
Dr.YNM
Non linear applications of op amp
Non linear applications of op amp
AsheeshKumar67
Unit-2 AC-DC converter
Unit-2 AC-DC converter
johny renoald
Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
Divyanshu Rai
Schmitt trigger circuit
Schmitt trigger circuit
taranjeet10
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
taruntiru
Ad598
Ad598
Yousaf Hameed
l control single phase rectifier
l control single phase rectifier
Zahid Nawaz
aec lab question Bank
aec lab question Bank
Gopal Krishna Murthy C R
A new precision peak detector full wave rectifier
A new precision peak detector full wave rectifier
Vishal kakade
tca785
tca785
101conan
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET
Praveen Kumar
Op amp
Op amp
Pooja Jain
Common mode rejection ratio (cmrr) and the operational amplifier
Common mode rejection ratio (cmrr) and the operational amplifier
Edgefxkits & Solutions
Mais procurados
(20)
Comparators
Comparators
Schmitt trigger
Schmitt trigger
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
Basic Electronics 5 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
Basic Electronics 5 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
Op amp comparator
Op amp comparator
Pdc manual
Pdc manual
Transient response of RC , RL circuits with step input
Transient response of RC , RL circuits with step input
Non linear applications of op amp
Non linear applications of op amp
Unit-2 AC-DC converter
Unit-2 AC-DC converter
Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
Schmitt trigger circuit
Schmitt trigger circuit
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Ad598
Ad598
l control single phase rectifier
l control single phase rectifier
aec lab question Bank
aec lab question Bank
A new precision peak detector full wave rectifier
A new precision peak detector full wave rectifier
tca785
tca785
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET
Op amp
Op amp
Common mode rejection ratio (cmrr) and the operational amplifier
Common mode rejection ratio (cmrr) and the operational amplifier
Destaque
Q meter ppt
Q meter ppt
Pushkar Singh
Manage It - A step towards the International Forest Year [Ignite Ahmedabad - ...
Manage It - A step towards the International Forest Year [Ignite Ahmedabad - ...
Samarth Shah
LED Corn Light 12W new
LED Corn Light 12W new
ngt led
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...
eSAT Journals
12w led corn light IES
12w led corn light IES
ngt led
Max232
Max232
____
Atmel and pic microcontroller
Atmel and pic microcontroller
Tearsome Llantada
Q meter(rlc meter)
Q meter(rlc meter)
najeebs10
L9 understanding-atmega328 p-2
L9 understanding-atmega328 p-2
rsamurti
Arduino atmega328
Arduino atmega328
Luciano FS
Max 232
Max 232
Samarth
Arduino uno lcd display 16x2
Arduino uno lcd display 16x2
Robomart India
L16 usart-atmega328 p
L16 usart-atmega328 p
rsamurti
L8 understanding-atmega328 p-1
L8 understanding-atmega328 p-1
rsamurti
L11 assembly-language-programming-of-atmega328 p
L11 assembly-language-programming-of-atmega328 p
rsamurti
L10 assembly-language-programming-of-atmega328 p
L10 assembly-language-programming-of-atmega328 p
rsamurti
L15 timers-counters-in-atmega328 p
L15 timers-counters-in-atmega328 p
rsamurti
Max 232
Max 232
Atul Uttam
Pressure transduser, load cells , temperature compensation
Pressure transduser, load cells , temperature compensation
Prasanthi Nelloor
My ppt
My ppt
sumanthambition
Destaque
(20)
Q meter ppt
Q meter ppt
Manage It - A step towards the International Forest Year [Ignite Ahmedabad - ...
Manage It - A step towards the International Forest Year [Ignite Ahmedabad - ...
LED Corn Light 12W new
LED Corn Light 12W new
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...
12w led corn light IES
12w led corn light IES
Max232
Max232
Atmel and pic microcontroller
Atmel and pic microcontroller
Q meter(rlc meter)
Q meter(rlc meter)
L9 understanding-atmega328 p-2
L9 understanding-atmega328 p-2
Arduino atmega328
Arduino atmega328
Max 232
Max 232
Arduino uno lcd display 16x2
Arduino uno lcd display 16x2
L16 usart-atmega328 p
L16 usart-atmega328 p
L8 understanding-atmega328 p-1
L8 understanding-atmega328 p-1
L11 assembly-language-programming-of-atmega328 p
L11 assembly-language-programming-of-atmega328 p
L10 assembly-language-programming-of-atmega328 p
L10 assembly-language-programming-of-atmega328 p
L15 timers-counters-in-atmega328 p
L15 timers-counters-in-atmega328 p
Max 232
Max 232
Pressure transduser, load cells , temperature compensation
Pressure transduser, load cells , temperature compensation
My ppt
My ppt
Semelhante a Voltage frequency converter
Voltage to-frequency frequency-to-voltage converter
Voltage to-frequency frequency-to-voltage converter
The Hoa Nguyen
Analog & digital measuring instruments
Analog & digital measuring instruments
Ekalavya Group of Technologies
Lic lab manual
Lic lab manual
AJAL A J
Comparator
Comparator
C035RiteshJadhav
Testing and Condition Monitoring of Substation Equipments
Testing and Condition Monitoring of Substation Equipments
Sumeet Ratnawat
Digital Electronics and Integrated Circuits - Unit 5.pptx
Digital Electronics and Integrated Circuits - Unit 5.pptx
Dhivya Ramachandran
TRANSFORMER.pptx
TRANSFORMER.pptx
MadhusmitaMohanty29
Exercise 1 – Three-Phase, Variable-Frequency Induction-Motor D.docx
Exercise 1 – Three-Phase, Variable-Frequency Induction-Motor D.docx
elbanglis
Exercise 1 – Three-Phase, Variable-Frequency Induction-Motor D.docx
Exercise 1 – Three-Phase, Variable-Frequency Induction-Motor D.docx
rhetttrevannion
OPAMP integrator & differentiator.pptx
OPAMP integrator & differentiator.pptx
JatinMahato1
Control And Programingof Synchronous Generator
Control And Programingof Synchronous Generator
freelay
Electrical signal processing and transmission
Electrical signal processing and transmission
Bishal Rimal
Lm555
Lm555
roman
Lm555
Lm555
roman
ETAP - Transformer sizing using etap
ETAP - Transformer sizing using etap
Himmelstern
ETAP - Transformer sizing using etap
ETAP - Transformer sizing using etap
Himmelstern
ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER
ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER
Sripati Mahapatra
Buck-Boost Converter
Buck-Boost Converter
Sagar Patil
WA1200-3 CODIGO DE FALLAS.ppt
WA1200-3 CODIGO DE FALLAS.ppt
RyanPumacayoVelasque
Fundamental of MSD Module-III Part-a.ppt
Fundamental of MSD Module-III Part-a.ppt
BEVARAVASUDEVAAP1813
Semelhante a Voltage frequency converter
(20)
Voltage to-frequency frequency-to-voltage converter
Voltage to-frequency frequency-to-voltage converter
Analog & digital measuring instruments
Analog & digital measuring instruments
Lic lab manual
Lic lab manual
Comparator
Comparator
Testing and Condition Monitoring of Substation Equipments
Testing and Condition Monitoring of Substation Equipments
Digital Electronics and Integrated Circuits - Unit 5.pptx
Digital Electronics and Integrated Circuits - Unit 5.pptx
TRANSFORMER.pptx
TRANSFORMER.pptx
Exercise 1 – Three-Phase, Variable-Frequency Induction-Motor D.docx
Exercise 1 – Three-Phase, Variable-Frequency Induction-Motor D.docx
Exercise 1 – Three-Phase, Variable-Frequency Induction-Motor D.docx
Exercise 1 – Three-Phase, Variable-Frequency Induction-Motor D.docx
OPAMP integrator & differentiator.pptx
OPAMP integrator & differentiator.pptx
Control And Programingof Synchronous Generator
Control And Programingof Synchronous Generator
Electrical signal processing and transmission
Electrical signal processing and transmission
Lm555
Lm555
Lm555
Lm555
ETAP - Transformer sizing using etap
ETAP - Transformer sizing using etap
ETAP - Transformer sizing using etap
ETAP - Transformer sizing using etap
ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER
ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER
Buck-Boost Converter
Buck-Boost Converter
WA1200-3 CODIGO DE FALLAS.ppt
WA1200-3 CODIGO DE FALLAS.ppt
Fundamental of MSD Module-III Part-a.ppt
Fundamental of MSD Module-III Part-a.ppt
Mais de Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 06(tests and trobule shooting tools)
Ecd302 unit 06(tests and trobule shooting tools)
Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 05(misc simulation tools)(new version)
Ecd302 unit 05(misc simulation tools)(new version)
Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 04 (analysis)
Ecd302 unit 04 (analysis)
Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(b)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(b)
Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(a)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(a)
Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 03 (part a)(ewb quick reference)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part a)(ewb quick reference)
Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 02(evaluate software packages)
Ecd302 unit 02(evaluate software packages)
Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 01(investigate ecad systems)
Ecd302 unit 01(investigate ecad systems)
Xi Qiu
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(backup)(obsolete)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(backup)(obsolete)
Xi Qiu
Mais de Xi Qiu
(9)
Ecd302 unit 06(tests and trobule shooting tools)
Ecd302 unit 06(tests and trobule shooting tools)
Ecd302 unit 05(misc simulation tools)(new version)
Ecd302 unit 05(misc simulation tools)(new version)
Ecd302 unit 04 (analysis)
Ecd302 unit 04 (analysis)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(b)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(b)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(a)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(a)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part a)(ewb quick reference)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part a)(ewb quick reference)
Ecd302 unit 02(evaluate software packages)
Ecd302 unit 02(evaluate software packages)
Ecd302 unit 01(investigate ecad systems)
Ecd302 unit 01(investigate ecad systems)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(backup)(obsolete)
Ecd302 unit 03 (part b)(instrument)(backup)(obsolete)
Último
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
TechSoup
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Association for Project Management
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Sherif Taha
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
christianmathematics
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
AreebaZafar22
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Celine George
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
Poonam Aher Patil
ComPTIA Overview | Comptia Security+ Book SY0-701
ComPTIA Overview | Comptia Security+ Book SY0-701
bronxfugly43
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
MaritesTamaniVerdade
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Poh-Sun Goh
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
VishalSingh1417
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
VishalSingh1417
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
Celine George
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
Nirmal Dwivedi
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
callscotland1987
Magic bus Group work1and 2 (Team 3).pptx
Magic bus Group work1and 2 (Team 3).pptx
dhanalakshmis0310
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
AnaAcapella
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
David Douglas School District
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
negromaestrong
Último
(20)
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
ComPTIA Overview | Comptia Security+ Book SY0-701
ComPTIA Overview | Comptia Security+ Book SY0-701
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
Magic bus Group work1and 2 (Team 3).pptx
Magic bus Group work1and 2 (Team 3).pptx
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Voltage frequency converter
1.
AN795
Voltage-to-Frequency/Frequency-to-Voltage Converter Author: Michael O. Paiva, Microchip Technology, Inc. RATIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT (ANALOG DIVISION) One of the most difficult circuits to build is one which will divide one analog signal by another. Two voltage-to-frequency (V/F) converters can do such division with ease. The numerator is counted directly as a signal, while the denominator forms the time base. Latch V1 TC9400 V/F Counter V2 Reset TC9400 ÷N One One V/F Shot Shot Latch V Output = N 1 V2 FIGURE 1: Ratiometric measurement (analog division). RPM/SPEED INDICATOR Flow rates and revolutions per second are nothing more than frequency signals, since they measure the number of events per time period. Optical and magnetic sensors will convert these flows and revolutions into a digital signal which, in turn, can be converted to a proportional voltage by the use of a frequency-to-voltage (F/V) converter. A simple voltmeter will then give a visual indication of the speed. Analog Display RPM Speed TC9400 Sensor F/V DVM Display (Optical or Magnetic) RPM FIGURE 2: RPM/speed indicator. © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc. DS00795A-page 1
2.
AN795 MOTOR SPEED CONTROL The
motor's speed is measured with the F/V converter, which converts RPM into a proportional voltage. This voltage is used in a negative feedback system to maintain the motor at the controlled setting. V+ Speed Motor Set – Op Amp + Pulse Type TC9400 Tachometer F/V (Optical or Magnetic) FIGURE 3: Motor speed control. PROPORTIONAL FLOW-RATE CONTROLLER A TC9400 F/V converter can be used to regulate the amount of liquid or gas flowing through a pipeline. The flow-rate detector generates a pulse train whose frequency is proportional to the rate of flow through it. The F/V converts this frequency to a proportional analog voltage which is used to drive the valve controller. The valve controller regulates the valve so that the flow is steady, even though pipeline pressure goes up and down. A voltmeter connected to the F/V converter output will indicate the actual instantaneous flow rate. Flow Rate Valve Detector Pulse Output Flow Valve TC9400 Set Controller F/V Flow Rate Meter FIGURE 4: Proportional flow-rate controller. DS00795A-page 2 © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc.
3.
AN795 TEMPERATURE METER A temperature
meter using the voltage output of a probe, such as one of the three shown, can be economically and straightforwardly implemented with the TC9400 V/F converter. The V/F output is simply counted to display the temperature. For long-distance data transmission, the TC9400 can be used to modulate an RF transmitter. Preamp Temperature Display Temp TC9400 Gate Probe V/F Latch Gate Latch Reset Reset 50/60Hz One One Shot Shot Temperature Preamp Preamp Preamp Probes A. Thermocouple B. Thermistor C. Transistor Junction FIGURE 5: Temperature meter. A/D CONVERSION WITH A MICROCONTROLLER There are two schemes that can be utilized to accomplish A/D conversion with a microcontroller: 1. Depending on the number of digits of resolution required, VIN is measured by counting the FOUT frequency for 1ms, 10ms, 100ms, or 1 second. The final count is then directly proportional to VIN. (The microcontroller provides the time base.) 2. VIN is measured by determining the time between two pulses (negative edges). FOUT is used as a gate for counting the microcontroller's clock. The final count will then be inversely proportional to VIN. By taking the one's complement (changing 1's to 0's and 0's to 1's) of the final binary count, a value directly proportional to VIN will result. This technique will give a faster conversion time when resolution is very important, but dynamic range is limited. VIN TC9400 PIC Digital V/F FOUT Microcontroller Output FIGURE 6: A/D conversion with a microcontroller. © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc. DS00795A-page 3
4.
AN795 13-BIT A/D CONVERTER A
13-bit binary A/D converter can be built by combining the TC9400 V/F converter with a counter, latch, and time base. When the V/F converter is set up for 10kHz full scale, a 1-second time base will provide one conversion per second. 1MΩ Gate VIN TC9400 13-bit Binary Counter Time V/F Reset Base Latch 13-bit Latch Bit 12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 FIGURE 7: 13-Bit A/D converter. 4-DIGIT VOLTMETER WITH OPTOISOLATED INPUT The use of a frequency counter will give a display of the V/F converter's frequency, which is directly proportional to the input voltage. When the V/F converter is running at 10kHz full scale, a 1-second time base will give 4-digit resolution with 1 reading per second. The optoisolator is used for transmitting the frequency, so there is no DC path to the frequency counter. This is especially useful in medical applications, where a voltage probe should not be directly connected to the human body. V+ 1MΩ + TC9400 VIN V/F Battery or Transformer Isolated Frequency Counter Supply FIGURE 8: 4-Digit voltmeter with optoisolated input. LONG-TERM INTEGRATOR WITH INFINITE HOLD This system will integrate an input signal for minutes or days, and hold its output indefinitely. The data is held in a digital counter and stays there until the counter is reset. Typical applications involve controlling the amount of surface metal deposited in a plating system or how much charge a battery has taken on. Digital Display TC9400 Binary VIN or BCD V/F Counter D/A t VOUT α ∫ o VIN dt Reset Converter VOUT FIGURE 9: Long-term integrator with infinite hold. DS00795A-page 4 © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc.
5.
AN795 LONG-TERM INTEGRATOR FOR
BIPOLAR (±) SIGNALS When the input signal is negative as well as positive, there has to be a way of generating "negative" frequencies. An absolute value circuit accomplishes this by giving the V/F converter a positive voltage only; and also telling the counter to count up for a positive voltage and to count down for a negative voltage. 1MΩ TC9400 Up/Down 47kΩ 500kΩ V/F Counter Up/Down Reset 47kΩ VIN – Op Amp – Op + Amp + Absolute Value Circuit FIGURE 10: Long-term integrator for bipolar (±) signals. ANALOG SIGNAL TRANSMISSION OVER TELEPHONE LINES The TC9400's square-wave output is ideal for transmitting analog data over telephone lines. A square wave is actually preferred over a pulse waveform for data transmission, since the square wave takes up less frequency spectrum. The square wave's spectrum can be further reduced by use of low-pass filters. At the other end of the telephone line, the TC9400 converts the frequency signal back into a voltage output linearly proportional to the original input voltage. VIN 9400 Telephone Telephone TC9400 VOUT V/F F/V System Linearity ~ 0.03% FIGURE 11: Analog signal transmission over telephone lines. © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc. DS00795A-page 5
6.
AN795 TELEMETRY In a telemetry
system, the TC9400 converts the analog input (VIN) into frequencies (10Hz to 100kHz) which can be used to modulate an RF transmitter. At the other end, a receiver picks up the RF signal and demodulates it back into the 10Hz to 100kHz spectrum. A frequency counter connected to this signal then gives a count linearly proportional to the original analog voltage (VIN). If a linearly-proportional analog output voltage is required, the counter can be replaced by a TC9400 used in the F/V mode. Digital Display TC9400 RF RF Counter VIN V/F Transmitter Receiver Gate Latch Reset Time Base FIGURE 12: Telemetry. HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY DATA TRANSMISSION When transmitting analog data over long distances, it is advantageous to convert the analog signal into a digital signal, which is less susceptible to noise pick-up. In the system shown below, the TC9400 converts the input voltage into a pulse or square wave which is transmitted on a pair of wires by use of a line driver and receiver. At the other end, the original voltage (VIN), can be digitally displayed on a frequency counter or converted back to an analog voltage by use of a TC9400 F/V converter. Digital Display Twisted Pair Cable VIN TC9400 V/F Counter Differential Differential Gate Latch Reset Driver Line Receiver Time Base Analog Display 9400 F/V FIGURE 13: High noise immunity data transmission. DS00795A-page 6 © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc.
7.
AN795 DC RESPONSE DATA
RECORDING SYSTEM Low-frequency analog data (DC to 10kHz) can be recorded anywhere, stored, and then reproduced. By varying the playback speed, the frequency spectrum of the original data can be shifted up or down. V1 TC9400 L L TC9400 V1 V/F F/V Cassette or V2 TC9400 R Reel-to-Reel R TC9400 V2 V/F Recorder F/V FIGURE 14: DC response data recording system. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK) GENERATION AND DECODING Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is a simple means of transmitting digital data over a signal path (two wires, telephone lines, AM or FM transmitters). Typically, only two frequencies are transmitted. One corresponds to a logical "0," the other to a logical "1." A TC9400 V/F converter will generate these two frequencies when connected as shown below. The potentiometer sets the V/F converter to the lower frequency. The digital input then determines which frequency is selected. A "0" selects the lower frequency, a "1" selects the upper frequency. The digital frequency signal is converted back into a digital format by a TC9400 used in the F/V mode. V+ V+ Center Frequency Frequency Offset 0 TC9400 TC9400 Digital Input Output V/F F/V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 FIGURE 15: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) generation and decoding. ULTRALINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATOR Since the TC9400 is a very linear V/F converter, an FM modulator is very easy to build. The potentiometer determines the center frequency, while VIN determines the amount of modulation (FM deviation) around the center frequency. VIN can be negative as well as positive. V+ Center Frequency VIN TC9400 Frequency Output V/F FIGURE 16: Ultralinear frequency modulator. © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc. DS00795A-page 7
8.
AN795 FREQUENCY METER The TC9400
will convert any frequency below 100kHz into an output voltage, which is linearly proportional to the input frequency. The equivalent frequency is then displayed on an analog meter. If the incoming frequency is above 100kHz, a frequency divider in front of the TC9400 can be used to scale the frequency down into the 100kHz region. FIN TC9400 VOUT F/V Analog Meter FIGURE 17: Frequency meter. TACHOMETER BAR GRAPH DISPLAY A tachometer can be constructed by using the TC9400 in the F/V mode to convert the frequency information (RPM) into a a linearly- proportional voltage. This voltage is then compared to one of "n" comparators (8 in this example). When the voltage exceeds the trip point of a comparator, the respective LED lights up and will continue to stay lit as long as the voltage exceeds the trip point. This gives a bar-graph-type display, with the height of the bar being proportional to RPM. TC1027 VREF V+ FIN TC9400 – F/V + – + – Display + – + – + – + – + – + Visible LEDs Two TC1027 Quad Comparators FIGURE 18: Tachometer bar graph display. DS00795A-page 8 © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc.
9.
AN795 FREQUENCY/TONE DECODER The frequency,
or tone, to be detected is converted into a proportional analog voltage by the TC9400 F/V converter. The quad comparators sense when the voltage (frequency) exceeds any of the four preset frequency limits. A logical "1" at any of the five outputs indicates the frequency is within those limits. This system is useful for determining which frequency band a signal is in, or for remote control, where each frequency band corresponds to a different command. FIN > F4 F4 < F FIN TC9400 + F/V F3 < F < F4 – FIN > F3 + – F2 < F < F3 FIN > F2 + – F1 < F < F2 VREF FIN > F1 + 0 < F < F1 – V4 V3 V2 V1 Quad Comparator Frequency Set FIGURE 19: Frequency/tone decoder. FM DEMODULATION WITH A PHASE-LOCKED LOOP The high linearity of the TC9400 (0.01%) is used to greatly improve the performance of a phase-locked loop, resulting in very precise tracking of VOUT with respect to FIN. FIN Frequency Loop VOUT Comparator Filter TC9400 V/F FIGURE 20: FM demodulation with a phase-locked loop. © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc. DS00795A-page 9
10.
AN795 ANALOG DATA TRANSMISSION
ON DC SUPPLY LINES (TWO-WAY TRANSMITTER) By converting an analog voltage to a linearly-proportional pulse train of short duration, it is possible to transmit this data on the same wires used to energize the V/F converter. The TC9400 V/F converter shorts out the DC supply for 3µsec out of each period. At 100kHz, the supply line is down 30% of the 10µsec period. As the frequency is lowered, the down-time decreases, so that at 1kHz the line is down only 0.3% of the time. Two precautions are necessary to assure that the system does not stop functioning during the shorting period. At the power supply end, a 1.2k resistor limits the current to 10mA on a 15V supply line. This prevents the TC9400 from being operated beyond its output rating and at the same time prevents the supply from being shorted out. At the V/F end, a capacitor is used to keep the TC9400 energized, while the diode keeps the capacitor from being discharged. Since the TC9400 requires only 2mA of current, a 1µF capacitor ensures a stable voltage (the ripple is only 6mV). Since the 3µsec pulses appear at the left side of the 1.2kΩ resistor, it is easy to sense the signal here and convert the data back into a recognizable format. A frequency counter connected at this point will directly display the input voltage by counting the frequency. If an analog output is required, a TC9400 in the F/V mode can be used to convert the frequency back into a voltage. The overall linearity is on the order of 0.03%, when both V/F and F/V are used. If only the V/F is used, 0.01% linearity can easily be achieved. Analog Display TC9400 F/V Digital Display Frequency Counter Remote Sensor 1.2kΩ 8-15V + + 1µF 14 DC 8 Power Supply 3 TC9400 + V/F Analog Input 4 9 – – FIGURE 21: Analog data transmission on DC supply lines (two-way transmitter). DIGITALLY CONTROLLED FREQUENCY SOURCE This system generates frequencies controlled by a microcontroller counter, register, or thumb-wheel switches. Applications for such a system include computer-controlled test equipment and numerically-controlled machine tools. 8 FOUT Digital TC9400 Signal D/A V/F Source 10 1/2 FOUT FIGURE 22: Digitally controlled frequency source. DS00795A-page 10 © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc.
11.
AN795 WIDE FREQUENCY RANGE
PULSE GENERATOR The TC9400 V/F converter is useful in the laboratory as a portable, battery-operated, low-cost frequency source. The TC9400 provides both pulse and square-wave outputs. By adding an op-amp integrator, a triangular waveform can also be generated. The outputs can be frequency-modulated via the FM input. V+ Frequency FOUT Adjust TC9400 V/F 1/2 FOUT FM – Input Op Amp + FIGURE 23: Wide frequency range pulse generator. FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER/DIVIDER WITH INFINITE RESOLUTION Frequency scaling can easily be performed by first converting the incoming frequency into a proportional DC voltage. This is accomplished by using the TC9400 in the F/V mode. Once the frequency is in a voltage format, it is easy to scale this voltage up or down by use of a single potentiometer. The resultant voltage is then applied to a TC9400 V/F converter, which generates a proportional output frequency. Since the potentiometer is infinitely variable, the division/multiplication factor can be any number, including fractions (K1 is simply VOUT/FIN, while K2 is FOUT/VIN). VOUT R1 VIN TC9400 FIN TC9400 FOUT F/V R2 V/F R2 )F FOUT = K1 K2 ) IN R1 + R2 FIGURE 24: Frequency multiplier/divider with infinite resolution. © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc. DS00795A-page 11
12.
AN795 FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE MEASUREMENT Frequency-difference
measurement is accomplished by using two TC9400's in the F/V mode to convert both frequencies into two proportional analog voltages (V1 and V2). V2 is inverted by a unity gain inverter. V1 and –V2 are then added by the summing op-amp to give a voltage proportional to the frequency difference between F2 and F1. Since the TC9400 V/F input is actually the summing junction to an op-amp, V1 and –V2 can be summed at the TC9400 input to generate a frequency output proportional to the difference between F1 and F2. F1 TC9400 V1 TC9400 FOUT = K1 (F1 – F2) F/V V/F F2 TC9400 V2 –1 F/V –V2 – Op Amp VOUT = K2 (F2 – F1) + FIGURE 25: Frequency difference measurement. CONVERTERS SIMPLIFY DESIGN OF FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER* By using a programmable digital-to-analog converter in combination with frequency-to-voltage and voltage-to-frequency converters, this circuit can multiply an input frequency by any number. Because it needs neither combinational logic nor a high-speed counter, it is more flexible than competing designs, uses fewer parts, and is simpler to build. As shown in the figure on the next page, the V/F converter, a TC9400, transforms the input frequency into a corresponding voltage. An inexpensive device, the converter, requires only a few external components for setting its upper operating frequency as high as 100kHz. Next the signal is applied to the reference port of the DAC-03 D/A converter, where it is amplified by the frequency-multiplying factor programmed into the converter by thumbwheel switches or a microcontroller. The D/A converter's output is the product of the analog input voltage and the digital gain factor. R3 sets the gain of the op-amp to any value, providing trim adjustment or a convenient way to scale the D/A converter's output to a much higher or lower voltage for the final stage, a TC9400 converter that operates in the voltage-to-frequency mode. The op-amp and R3 can also be used to set circuit gain to non-integer values. The V/F device then converts the input voltage into a proportionally higher or lower frequency. DS00795A-page 12 © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc.
13.
AN795
TC9400 DAC-03 TC9400 Frequency- Digital-to-Analog Frequency- to-Voltage Converter to-Voltage Converter Converter 5 REFOUT +15V 180pF 11 fIN Comp In Amp 12 15 REFIN VOUT 14 3 + 1MΩ Out Op 6 3 I 2 Amp IN 1MΩ – 4 V 180pF SS +5V 7 –15V 11 Comp In VREF 100kΩ 12 Amp Out 1 I RGAIN –5V BIAS 0.1 4 IIN 3 µF VSS 100kΩ 7 2 1 VREF 20kΩ Offset MSB 100kΩ 2 1 47pF IBIAS 2.2kΩ 3 510kΩ 50kΩ 2 Offset 6 4 Gnd 5 REFOUT 17 5 Digital 10kΩ 18 REFOUT 6 Gain Factor 6 Gnd 14 16 V+ 7 (Programmable) VDD +15V 9 +5V 8 OUTGND 12 –15V V– 11 9 14 Gnd +5V VDD 13 10 10kΩ 10 Analog LSB Gnd Out MSB = Most Significant Bit fOUT LSB = Least Significant Bit FIGURE 26: Circuit uses frequency-to-voltage-to-frequency conversion, with intermediate stage of gain between conversions, for multiplying input frequency by any number. Digital-to-analog converter is programmed digitally, by thumbwheel switches or microcontroller, for coarse selection of frequency-multiplying factor; op-amp provides fine gain, enables choice of non-integer multiplication values. *Reprinted with permission from Electronics, October 12, 1978; Copyright © Mc-Graw-Hill, Inc., 1978. All rights reserved. © 2002 Microchip Technology, Inc. DS00795A-page 13
14.
Information contained in
this publication regarding device Trademarks applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, FilterLab, ensure that your application meets with your specifications. KEELOQ, microID, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICMASTER, PIC- No representation or warranty is given and no liability is START, PRO MATE, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control Solu- assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect tions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such dsPIC, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, use or otherwise. Use of Microchip’s products as critical com- In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, microPort, ponents in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are con- Migratable Memory, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK, MPSIM, MXDEV, PICC, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, rfPIC, Select Mode veyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property and Total Endurance are trademarks of Microchip Technology rights. Incorporated in the U.S.A. Serialized Quick Turn Programming (SQTP) is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. © 2002, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved. Printed on recycled paper. Microchip received QS-9000 quality system certification for its worldwide headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999. The Company’s quality system processes and procedures are QS-9000 compliant for its PICmicro® 8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ® code hopping devices, Serial EEPROMs and microperipheral products. In addition, Microchip’s quality system for the design and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001 certified. 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00795A - page 14
15.
M
WORLDWIDE SALES AND SERVICE AMERICAS ASIA/PACIFIC Japan Microchip Technology Japan K.K. Corporate Office Australia Benex S-1 6F 2355 West Chandler Blvd. Microchip Technology Australia Pty Ltd 3-18-20, Shinyokohama Chandler, AZ 85224-6199 Suite 22, 41 Rawson Street Kohoku-Ku, Yokohama-shi Tel: 480-792-7200 Fax: 480-792-7277 Epping 2121, NSW Kanagawa, 222-0033, Japan Technical Support: 480-792-7627 Australia Web Address: http://www.microchip.com Tel: 61-2-9868-6733 Fax: 61-2-9868-6755 Tel: 81-45-471- 6166 Fax: 81-45-471-6122 Rocky Mountain China - Beijing Korea 2355 West Chandler Blvd. Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai) Microchip Technology Korea Chandler, AZ 85224-6199 Co., Ltd., Beijing Liaison Office 168-1, Youngbo Bldg. 3 Floor Tel: 480-792-7966 Fax: 480-792-7456 Unit 915 Samsung-Dong, Kangnam-Ku Bei Hai Wan Tai Bldg. Seoul, Korea 135-882 Atlanta No. 6 Chaoyangmen Beidajie Tel: 82-2-554-7200 Fax: 82-2-558-5934 500 Sugar Mill Road, Suite 200B Beijing, 100027, No. China Singapore Atlanta, GA 30350 Tel: 86-10-85282100 Fax: 86-10-85282104 Microchip Technology Singapore Pte Ltd. Tel: 770-640-0034 Fax: 770-640-0307 200 Middle Road China - Chengdu Boston #07-02 Prime Centre Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai) 2 Lan Drive, Suite 120 Singapore, 188980 Co., Ltd., Chengdu Liaison Office Westford, MA 01886 Tel: 65-6334-8870 Fax: 65-6334-8850 Rm. 2401, 24th Floor, Tel: 978-692-3848 Fax: 978-692-3821 Taiwan Ming Xing Financial Tower Chicago No. 88 TIDU Street Microchip Technology Taiwan 333 Pierce Road, Suite 180 Chengdu 610016, China 11F-3, No. 207 Itasca, IL 60143 Tel: 86-28-6766200 Fax: 86-28-6766599 Tung Hua North Road Tel: 630-285-0071 Fax: 630-285-0075 Taipei, 105, Taiwan China - Fuzhou Dallas Tel: 886-2-2717-7175 Fax: 886-2-2545-0139 Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai) 4570 Westgrove Drive, Suite 160 Co., Ltd., Fuzhou Liaison Office Addison, TX 75001 Unit 28F, World Trade Plaza Tel: 972-818-7423 Fax: 972-818-2924 EUROPE No. 71 Wusi Road Detroit Fuzhou 350001, China Denmark Tri-Atria Office Building Tel: 86-591-7503506 Fax: 86-591-7503521 Microchip Technology Nordic ApS 32255 Northwestern Highway, Suite 190 China - Shanghai Regus Business Centre Farmington Hills, MI 48334 Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai) Lautrup hoj 1-3 Tel: 248-538-2250 Fax: 248-538-2260 Co., Ltd. Ballerup DK-2750 Denmark Kokomo Room 701, Bldg. B Tel: 45 4420 9895 Fax: 45 4420 9910 2767 S. Albright Road Far East International Plaza France Kokomo, Indiana 46902 No. 317 Xian Xia Road Microchip Technology SARL Tel: 765-864-8360 Fax: 765-864-8387 Shanghai, 200051 Parc d’Activite du Moulin de Massy Los Angeles Tel: 86-21-6275-5700 Fax: 86-21-6275-5060 43 Rue du Saule Trapu 18201 Von Karman, Suite 1090 China - Shenzhen Batiment A - ler Etage Irvine, CA 92612 91300 Massy, France Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai) Tel: 949-263-1888 Fax: 949-263-1338 Tel: 33-1-69-53-63-20 Fax: 33-1-69-30-90-79 Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Liaison Office New York Rm. 1315, 13/F, Shenzhen Kerry Centre, Germany 150 Motor Parkway, Suite 202 Renminnan Lu Microchip Technology GmbH Hauppauge, NY 11788 Shenzhen 518001, China Gustav-Heinemann Ring 125 Tel: 631-273-5305 Fax: 631-273-5335 Tel: 86-755-2350361 Fax: 86-755-2366086 D-81739 Munich, Germany Tel: 49-89-627-144 0 Fax: 49-89-627-144-44 San Jose Hong Kong Microchip Technology Inc. Microchip Technology Hongkong Ltd. Italy 2107 North First Street, Suite 590 Unit 901-6, Tower 2, Metroplaza Microchip Technology SRL San Jose, CA 95131 223 Hing Fong Road Centro Direzionale Colleoni Tel: 408-436-7950 Fax: 408-436-7955 Kwai Fong, N.T., Hong Kong Palazzo Taurus 1 V. Le Colleoni 1 20041 Agrate Brianza Toronto Tel: 852-2401-1200 Fax: 852-2401-3431 Milan, Italy 6285 Northam Drive, Suite 108 India Tel: 39-039-65791-1 Fax: 39-039-6899883 Mississauga, Ontario L4V 1X5, Canada Microchip Technology Inc. Tel: 905-673-0699 Fax: 905-673-6509 India Liaison Office United Kingdom Divyasree Chambers Arizona Microchip Technology Ltd. 1 Floor, Wing A (A3/A4) 505 Eskdale Road No. 11, O’Shaugnessey Road Winnersh Triangle Bangalore, 560 025, India Wokingham Tel: 91-80-2290061 Fax: 91-80-2290062 Berkshire, England RG41 5TU Tel: 44 118 921 5869 Fax: 44-118 921-5820 03/01/02 *DS00795A* DS00795A-page 15 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.
Baixar agora