To speed up the ontology development by reusing and re-engineering non-ontological resources that have already reached some consensus by standardization bodies.

1. A Method for Reusing and
Re-engineering Non-ontological
Resources for Building Ontologies
Boris Villazón-Terrazas
bvillazon@fi.upm.es
14th April, 2011

2. Outline
2

3. Introduction
NACE
3

4. Introduction
Goal
To speed up the ontology
up the
development by reusing
and re‐engineering
and re‐
non‐
non‐ontological resources
that have already reached
some consensus by
b
standardization bodies
4

5. Introduction
Overview – Methodologies for building ontologies
From scratch
• METHONTOLOGY [Gómez-Pérez et al. 2003]
• On-To-Knowledge [Staab et al. 2001]
• DILIGENT [Pinto et al. 2004]
NeOn Methodology [Suárez-Figueroa 2010]
[Suárez Figueroa
5

6. Introduction
The role of Patterns
Architecture [Alexander 1979]
Software engineering [Tichy 1997]
Knowledge engineering [Clark et al 2000]
al.
Ontology engineering
gy g g
• Semantic-Web Best Practices and Deployment Working Group
• Ontology Design Patterns Public Catalog
• Ontology Design Patterns Portal
• Linked Data Patterns
6

7. Introduction
Apply software re-engineering concepts to Ontology Engineering
Software A
Software
Software
Development
Save resources
S
Engineering
Process
P
Software B
Software Re‐ Save time
engineering
Patterns
Classification Scheme
Thesaurus
Lexicon
Ontology Glossary
y Ontology Save resources
Development
l
Engineering Folksonomy
Process
Save time
Ontology Re‐
engineering
Patterns Reach consensus
7

8. Outline
8

9. State of the Art
9

10. State of the Art
Software re-engineering model
(Alteration)
Reverse Con- Con- Forward
re-think
Engineering ceptual ceptual
t l Engineering
(Abstraction)
Requirements re-specify Requirements (Refinement)
Design re-design Design
Implementation re-code Implementation
Existing System Target System
Software re-engineering Patterns describe how to change a legacy system into a new,
refactored system that fits current conditions and requirements [Pooley et al. 1998]
E.J. Byrne. A conceptual foundation for software re-engineering.
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, pages 226–235.
IEEE Computer Society, 1992.
10

11. State of the Art
Ontology Patterns
Online catalogues
SemanticWeb Best
Ontology Design Ontology Design
Practices and
Patterns Public Patterns (ODP) Linked Data Patterns
DeploymentWorking
Catalog Portal
Group
Lack f tt
L k of patterns f re-engineering resources i t ontologies
for i i into t l i
http://ontologydesignpatterns.org
11

12. State of the Art
12

13. State of the Art
Evaluation framework
Non ontological resource
Non-ontological
• type
• data model
• implementation
Reuse
• methodological guidelines
• tool support
• provenance
Transformation
• approach: ABox,TBox or Population
• semantic/syntactic level
semantic/s ntactic le el
• makes explicit the semantics hidden in the relations
• relies on additional resources or human domain expert
• automatic / semiautomatic / manual
• methodological guidelines
• t h i l
techniques employed d
Ontology
• lightweight or heavyweight
• implementation language
• single or several
13

14. State of the Art
18 methods & 13 tools
Non-ontological resource Reuse
Type of Data Resource Methodological Tool Provenance
model
Research work Guidelines Support
Research work resource is known implemented in
Hepp et al. [HdB07] Classification No Database
Hepp et al. [HdB07] No No No
scheme, the- Hakkarainen et al. No No No
sauri [HHST06]
Hakkarainen et al. Classification Yes Flat file Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No
[HHST06] scheme
Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No
Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Folksonomy No Not mentioned
Maala et al. [MDA07] Folksonomy No Not mentioned Van Assem et al. No No Yes
van Assem et al. Lexica Yes Prolog [vAGS06]
[vAGS06] Gangemi et al. [GNV03, No No No
Gangemi et al. [GNV03, Lexica Yes Database GGMO03]
GGMO03] Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] No No No
Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Thesauri Yes ASCII files
Van Assem et al. No No No
Van Assem et al. Thesauri No proprietary text
[vAMSW04] format, database,
[vAMSW04]
XML van Assem et al. No No No
Van Assem et al. Thesauri No Not mentioned [vAMMS06]
[vAMMS06] Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No
Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Thesauri Yes XML
Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08]
¨ No No No
Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08]
¨ Thesauri No Not mentioned
Soergel et al. [SLL+ 04, Thesauri Yes Database
Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No
LS06] LS06]
Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] Not specified Yes Database Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No
Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Not specified Yes Database Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No
Bar07] Bar07]
Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı Not specified No XML
Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı No No No
An et al. [AM05] Not specified No XML
An et al. [AM05] No No No
Cruz et al. [CXH04] Not specified No XML
Foxvog et al. [FB06] Not specified No Flat file Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No
Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No
Transformation
T f i Ontology
O t l
Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/
Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several
Domain automatic / Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single
Expert Manual DLP
Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single
semantic ad-hoc relation
[HHST06] relations
Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned
[HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several
Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single
Google Syntactic
Patterns
Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single
[vAGS06] relations, instances Full
Maala et al. [MDA07] Population syntactic No WordNet, Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned
Geographical
G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03
al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes
classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single
locations, GGMO03] relations
Ontology of
things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single
Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog HS03]
al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single
Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full
[GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques
van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single
Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool
[Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design [vAMMS06]
relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single
van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations
[vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation
Hyvonen
¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single
van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog
[vAMMS06] [HVTS08] relations
Wielinga et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single
[WSWS01] semantic LS06] relations
Hyvonen et al.
y ¨ TBox syntactic,
y , subClassOf,
, DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic
F-Logic / RDF Single
[HVTS08] semantic partOf
[SSV02]
Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned
[SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single
Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON-
Bar07]
[SSV02] REVERSE Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single
Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster relations, instances
[BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation
An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single
Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules XSD2OWL
XML2RDF Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single
An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic No Not mentioned Discovery tool
relations, instances
Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several
Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool
relations, instances Full / WSML
14

15. State of the Art
18 methods & 13 tools
Non-ontological resource Reuse
Data Type of Resource
Type of model Data model Resource Research work
Methodological
Guidelines
Tool
Support
Provenance
Research work Tool resource resource known
is model is
implemented in implemented in Hepp et al. [HdB07]
Hakkarainen et al.
No
No
No
No
No
No
[HHST06]
Hepp et al. [HdB07] Classification No known
Database Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No
Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No
SKOS2GenTax scheme, Classification
the- No SKOS RDF Van Assem et al. No No Yes
[vAGS06]
sauri
schemes,
h Gangemi et al. [GNV03,
GGMO03]
No No No
Hakkarainen et al. Classification Yes Flat file
[HHST06] scheme
thesauri Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03]
Van Assem et al.
No
No
No
No
No
No
[vAMSW04]
T-ORG
Abbasi et al. [ASC07] FolksonomyFolksonomy
No No mentioned Not mentioned
Not van Assem
[vAMMS06]
et al. No No No
Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No
KAON-
Maala et al. [MDA07] Folksonomy specified
Not No Yes mentioned Database
Not Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08]
¨ No No No
Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No
van Assem REVERSE Lexica
et al. Yes Prolog LS06]
Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No
[vAGS06] ODEMapster Not specified Yes Database Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No
Bar07]
Gangemi et al. [GNV03, Lexica Yes Database Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı No No No
GGMO03]
D2R Server Not specified No Database An et al. [AM05] No No No
Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No
Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] Com- Not specified
TopBraid Thesauri No Database, XML, Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No
Yes ASCII files
Van Assem poser al. Thesauri
et No proprietary text Flat file, Spread-
Transformation
T f
[vAMSW04]
[ AMSW04]
i t d t b sheet
format, database,
f Ontology
O t l
XSD2OWL and Not specified
Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support
XML
No XML Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/
Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several
Van Assem XML2RDF Thesauri
et al. No Domain
Expert
automatic /
Manual
Not mentioned Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single
DLP
[vAMMS06] Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic,
semantic
subClassOf,
ad-hoc relation
No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single
ConvertToRdf
Hakkarainen et al.
Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] Thesauri
[HHST06] Not specified
ABox
Yes
syntactic,
semantic
subClassOf,
ad-hoc relation
No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation
rules
Not mentioned
No
XML
Delimited text [HHST06]
Abbasi et al. [ASC07]
Maala et al. [MDA07]
Lightweight
Lightweight
relations
instances
instances
Not mentioned
RDF
Several
Single
Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG
Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08]
y ¨ [ ] Thesauri
Maala et al. [MDA07] Population
No syntactic No
Google
WordNet, Automatic Yes
Syntactic
Patterns
Not mentioned Not mentioned
Not mentioned
data file Van Assem et al.
[vAGS06]
Lightweight classes, attributes,
relations, instances
RDF(S) / OWL
Full
Single
Geographical
G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03
al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes
classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single
locations,
flat2rdf04, Thesauri Not specified
Soergel et al. [SLL +
Van Assem et ABox
Yes syntactic No
Ontology of
things
No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog
No
Database Flat file GGMO03]
Hahn et al.
HS03]
[Hah03, Heavyweight
relations
classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single
al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single
LS06] Java BibTeX-To- Not specified
Gangemi et al.
[GNV03, GGMO03]
TBox syntactic,
semantic
ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP
Techniques
Not mentioned
No Flat file [vAMSW04] relations Full
van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single
Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool
Stojanovic et al. [SSV02]
RDF Converter specified
[Hah03, HS03]
Not Yes semantic partOf, ad-hoc
relation
Design
Patterns Database [vAMMS06]
Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single
van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations
[vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation
Barrasa et al. Excel2rdf Not specified specified
[BCGP04,
van Assem et al.
[vAMMS06] Not
Population Yes syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog Database
No Spreadsheet
Hyvonen
¨
[HVTS08]
et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes,
relations
RDF(S) Single
Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single
Bar07] Wielinga et al.
[WSWS01]
TBox syntactic,
semantic
subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool
LS06] relations
RDF123
Hyvonen et al.
y ¨
[HVTS08]
Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı Soergel et al.Not specified specified
Not
TBox
TBox No
syntactic,
y
semantic
,
syntactic,
subClassOf,
partOf
subClassOf,
, DOLCE
No
Semi-automatic
Manual
Yes
Yes
Not mentioned
Not mentioned
Ad-hoc tool
Not mentioned
No
XML Spreadsheet Stojanovic
[SSV02]
et al. Lightweight instances F Logic
F-Logic / RDF Single
[SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single
Bar07]
An et al. [AM05]XLWrap
[SSV02]
Barrasa et al.
Not specified specified
Stojanovic et al.
Not
Population
Population
No
syntactic
syntactic
ad-hoc relation
subClassOf,
No
No
Semi-automatic
Semi-automatic
Yes
Yes
Mapping rules
Mapping rules
KAON-
REVERSE
ODEMapster
No
XML Spreadsheet Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı Lightweight classes, attributes,
relations, instances
OWL Full/ RDF Single
[BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation
An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single
Cruz et al. [CXH04]
An et al. [AM05]
Not specified
Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı ABox
ABox
No syntactic
syntactic
ad-hoc relation
ad-hoc relation
No
No
Semi-automatic
Semi-automatic
Yes
No
Mapping rules
Not mentioned
XSD2OWL
XML2RDF
Discovery tool
XML Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes,
relations, instances
RDF(S) Single
Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several
Foxvog et al. [FB06] Not specified
Cruz et al. [CXH04]
Foxvog et al. [FB06]
ABox
ABox No syntactic
syntactic
Not mentioned
Not mentioned
No
No
Semi-automatic
Semi-automatic
Yes
Yes
Mapping rules
Not mentioned
Ad-hoc tool
Ad-hoc tool Flat file
relations, instances Full / WSML
15

16. State of the Art
18 methods & 13 tools
Non-ontological resource Reuse
Methodological Tool Provenance
Research work Guidelines Support
Hepp et al. [HdB07] No No No
Hakkarainen et al. No No No
• Ad-hoc solutions for particular resources [HHST06]
Abbasi et al. [ASC07] No No No
• Only focus on the resource type or
Maala et al. [MDA07] No No No
Van Assem et al. No No Yes
[vAGS06]
resource i l
implementation
t ti Gangemi et al. [GNV03,
GGMO03]
No No No
Hahn et al. [Hah03, HS03] No No No
Van Assem et al. No No No
[vAMSW04]
van Assem et al. No No No
[vAMMS06]
Wielinga et al. [WSWS01] No No No
Hyvonen et al. [HVTS08]
¨ No No No
Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, No No No
LS06]
Stojanovic et al. [SSV02] No No No
Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, No No No
Bar07]
Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı No No No
An et al. [AM05] No No No
Cruz et al. [CXH04] No No No
Foxvog et al. [FB06] No No No
Transformation
T f i Ontology
O t l
Research work Transformat Transformation Semantics of Additional Automatic / Methodological Technique Tool support Lightweight/ Components Implementation Single/
Approach Aspects NOR relations Resources / Semi- Guidelines Research Work Heavyweight language Several
Domain automatic / Hepp et al. [HdB07] Lightweight classes, relations RDF(S) / OWL Single
Expert Manual DLP
Hepp et al. [HdB07] TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned SKOS2GenTax Hakkarainen et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single
semantic ad-hoc relation
[HHST06] relations
Hakkarainen et al. ABox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Transformation Not mentioned
[HHST06] semantic ad-hoc relation rules Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Lightweight instances Not mentioned Several
Abbasi et al. [ASC07] Population syntactic No Swoogle Automatic Yes Lexico T-ORG Maala et al. [MDA07] Lightweight instances RDF Single
Google Syntactic
Patterns
Van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single
[vAGS06] relations, instances Full
Maala et al. [MDA07] Population syntactic No WordNet, Automatic Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned
Geographical
G hi l Gangemi et al [GNV03
al. [GNV03, Lightweight classes, attributes
classes attributes, DAML+OIL Single
locations, GGMO03] relations
Ontology of
things Hahn et al. [Hah03, Heavyweight classes, relations LOOM / ALC Single
Van Assem et ABox syntactic No No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog HS03]
al. [vAGS06] van Assem et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) / OWL Single
Gangemi et al. TBox syntactic, ad-hoc relations DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes NLP Not mentioned [vAMSW04] relations Full
[GNV03, GGMO03] semantic Techniques
van Assem et al. Lightweight instances SKOS RDF Single
Hahn et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Ontology Ad-hoc tool
[Hah03, HS03] semantic partOf, ad-hoc Design [vAMMS06]
relation Patterns Wielinga et al. Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single
van Assem et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool [WSWS01] relations
[vAMSW04] semantic ad-hoc relation
Hyvonen
¨ et al. Heavyweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single
van Assem et al. Population syntactic Not mentioned No Automatic Yes Not mentioned Swi-Prolog
[vAMMS06] [HVTS08] relations
Wielinga et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf Not mentioned Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Soergel et al. [SLL + 04, Heavyweight classes, attributes, OWL DL Single
[WSWS01] semantic LS06] relations
Hyvonen et al.
y ¨ TBox syntactic,
y , subClassOf,
, DOLCE Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool Stojanovic et al. Lightweight instances F Logic
F-Logic / RDF Single
[HVTS08] semantic partOf
[SSV02]
Soergel et al. TBox syntactic, subClassOf, No Manual Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned
[SLL+ 04, LS06] semantic ad-hoc relation Barrasa et al. [BCGP04, Lightweight instances RDF Single
Stojanovic et al. Population syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules KAON-
Bar07]
[SSV02] REVERSE Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı Lightweight classes, attributes, OWL Full/ RDF Single
Barrasa et al. Population syntactic subClassOf, No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules ODEMapster relations, instances
[BCGP04, Bar07] ad-hoc relation
An et al. [AM05] Lightweight instances RDF Single
Garc´a et al. [GC05]
ı ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules XSD2OWL
XML2RDF Cruz et al. [CXH04] Lightweight classes, attributes, RDF(S) Single
An et al. [AM05] ABox syntactic ad-hoc relation No Semi-automatic No Not mentioned Discovery tool
relations, instances
Cruz et al. [CXH04] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Mapping rules Ad-hoc tool Foxvog et al. [FB06] Lightweight classes, attributes, CycL / OWL Several
Foxvog et al. [FB06] ABox syntactic Not mentioned No Semi-automatic Yes Not mentioned Ad-hoc tool
relations, instances Full / WSML
16