This document discusses the requirements for heavy duty diesel engine oils (HDDEOs) and the relationship between their total base number (TBN) and sulphated ash content. It explains that HDDEOs require additives like metal detergents to provide functions like neutralizing acids, preventing deposit formation, and antioxidation. These metal detergents are the primary contributor to sulphated ash levels. The document notes that most industry and OEM specifications for HDDEOs require a TBN over 10 and sulphated ash levels between 1.2-1.5% to ensure robust performance. Restricting these levels could limit the ability to meet requirements like JASO DH-1 and require less effective additive formulations.

1. BLENDING HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGINE OILS
- TBN/SULPHATED ASH CORRELATION
DISKUSI ILMIAH MASPI VI - JAKARTA
22 JAN 2008
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2. Requirements of Heavy Duty DEO
Dispersant capability keep the finer particles suspended
Cleaning capability Detergents have to keep the engine
parts clean (eg the piston)
Wear protection Additives that can withstand high
loads for longer times
Temperature stability maintain performance under high
thermal stress
Acid absorption protect the engine from corrosion
Viscosity stability prevent the lubricant from excessive
thickening
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3. Heavy Duty DEOs: Sources of TBN and S.Ash
• HDDEOs additives include metal detergents, soot dispersants, anti-wear and antioxidant
components to provide wear and corrosion protection, engine cleanliness and oxidation
control
• Metal detergents neutralize acids in HDDEO and are small particles of inorganic base
(calcium or magnesium carbonate and hydroxide) and stabilised in hydrocarbon
baseoils by inorganic ‘soap’ molecules such as phenates, sulphonates and salicylates.
• They also provide surfactant behaviour to help prevent deposit formation on metal
surfaces within engines, and in some cases contribute to antioxidancy.
• Metal detergents are the main contributor to lubricant sulphated ash. ZDTP, anti-wear
additives and organic components such as dispersants and some antioxidants provide
additional limited TBN.
• Metal detergents and other additives are optimised to meet the engine test performance
requirements in key performance areas for various Industry specifications (API, ACEA,
JASO) and OEM specifications (eg, US: Cummins, Mack, Caterpillar, Europe: Mercedes
Benz, MAN, Volvo, Japan: Mitsubishi, Nissan, Hino, Isuzu)
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4. Metal Detergents
Inorganic core:
•Calcium carbonate / hydroxide
•Magnesium hydroxide
Polar head group: Alkyl chain:
5-15 nm Base Calcium/Magnesium:
•Phenate
C12-24
•Sulphonate
•Salicylate
Soap
Metal detergents provide:
• alkalinity: to neutralise acids from combustion process, preventing deposit formation
• surfactancy: inhibit deposit formation
• antioxidancy (phenate, salicylate): high temperature protection in piston ring belt region
• fuel economy: friction reduction under boundary lubrication conditions
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5. Formulation Components of a Heavy Duty DEO
Sulphur
Star XHVI PAO
Ester
Ash
OCP HVI
PMA
Styrene Base oil Salicylates
TBN range
copolymer Sulphonates
VI improver Phenates
Detergents
Silicone Esters
Anti foam Dispersants
fluid
Succinimides
high m.w bis
Pour point
depressant Anti wear mono mono-bis
Poly ZDTP’s Phosphorus
methacrylate primary
Antioxidant secondary aryl
Ash
Hindered
phenol Aminic Sulphur
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6. HDDEOs: TBN and S.Ash levels required
at various performance specifications
• HDDEOs meeting API CH-4/CI-4 + ACEA + other OEMs specs.
typically have >10 TBN and S.Ash of 1.2 – 1.5 % wt.
• Increased detergent levels in this TBN/S.Ash range provide stronger
performance for Industry and OEM specifications.
• The less stringent performance requirements for API CG-4 and CF-4
relative to above means that these specifications can be achieved at
lower TBN levels, ie in 7-10 TBN range.
• The API CF oil specification can be met using oil compositions with
TBN levels as low as 6-7 units. More robust product performance is
achieved at higher TBN levels. At above 10 TBN, oils ash levels are
greater than 1.0%wt.
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7. Manufacturers of On-Highway Vehicles in
Indonesia
Hino
Nissan 2% Isuzu
2% 1%
Other Mercedes Benz
Daihatsu 3%
3%
8%
Toyota
10%
Mitsubishi (Fuso)
71%
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8. Impact of TBN/S.Ash changes on OEM
Requirements in Indonesia
Indonesian Heavy Duty engine “On Highway” market is
dominated by Japanese OEMs
– Japanese OEM’s have a preference for oils meeting JASO DH-1
– JASO DH-1 requires minimum TBN by ASTM D4739 >10
– To meet JASO DH-1 requires high S.Ash oil
– Many Japanese OEM’s also have their own preference for high S.
Ash oils
– Placing Limits on TBN/Sulphated Ash restricts the ability to meet
the requirements of JASO DH-1 and specific OEM requirements
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9. JASO DH-1
Performance Requirements
P e r fo r m a n c e E n g in e o r Te s t L im its &
C h a r a c te r is tic s B e n c h Te sts R e q u ir e m e n ts
P is to n D e p o s it J A S O D e te rg e n c y Te s t T G F ≤ 6 0 .0
C o n tro l J A S O M 3 3 6 -9 8 R in g S tic k in g : A ll F r e e
V a lv e T r a in W e a r J A S O V T W Te s t ≤ 9 5 .0 µ m
J A S O M 3 5 4 -2 0 0 5
S o o t C o n tro l M a c k T - 8 A S o o t D is p e r s a n c y ≤ 0 .2
A ST M D 5967
O x id a tio n S ta b ility S eq . IIIF （ A S T M D 5 5 3 3 ） = A P I C H -4
or IIIG （ A S T M 6 9 8 4 ）
H o t S u rfa c e J P I H o t Tu b e Te s t ≥ 7 .0 a t 2 8 0 ° C
D e p o s it C o n tr o l J P I-5 S -5 5 -9 9
F o a m in g J IS K 2 5 1 8 :2 0 0 3 S e q . I & I I I : 1 0 /0
(A S T M D 8 9 2 -9 7 ) S e q . I I : 5 0 /0
V o la tility J P I -5 S -4 1 -2 0 0 4 ≤ 1 8 .0
(A S T M D 5 8 0 0 -9 5 )
C o r ro siv e n e s s C o r ro sio n B e n c h Te s t = A P I C H -4
A S T M D 6 5 9 4 & D 1 3 0 -9 4
S h e a r S t a b i l i t y (1 ) A ST M D 6278 Sta y in G r a d e
BN JIS K 2501 or ≥ 1 0 .0
A ST M D 4739
S e a l C o m p a t ib ility C E C -L -3 9 -T-9 6 = ACEA E
( 1 ) fo r m u lt i-g r a d e o ils (N o r e q u ire m e n ts fo r m o n o -g r a d e s )
Source:JASO
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10. DH-1 DH-1 Recommendations by Japanese Heavy
JASO M355
Duty OEMs ( Owner’s Manual )
Mitsubishi
Nissan Diesel
Sulphated Ash >1.0%
87
Source:JASO
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11. Impact of TBN/S.Ash changes on OEM
Requirements in Indonesia
Indonesian Off Highway/Mining market is dominated by two major
OEM’s:
• Komatsu
– Preference for oils meeting JASO DH-1(high S.Ash)
– Can also use API CF-4, CH-4 or CI-4
• Caterpillar
– Caterpillar place no minimum limit on TBN but limit S.Ash to 1.5%wt
– Suitable oils are determined by passing either Caterpillar 1P SCOTE
test(ECF-1a) or Caterpillar C13 500 hour test(ECF-2)
Performance is determined by passes in the above tests and
not by limiting TBN
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12. Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oils – S.Ash restrictions
• There are no restrictions on S.Ash content for finished heavy-duty engine oils
in the API CF, CF-4 CG-4, CH-4 and CI-4 categories.
• ACEA specifications E2, E3, E5, and E7 have a maximum S.Ash limit of
2.0%wt
• API CJ-4, ACEA E-6, JASO DH-2 specifications and some OEM specifications
eg MB 228.51 and 228.3 have S.Ash restrictions. Introduced for oils used in
latest heavy-duty diesel engine hardware equipped with exhaust after-
treatment devices such as diesel particulate filters, and also using ULSD diesel
fuel. This measure is to help prevent filter blocking by lubricant derived ash.
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13. Consequence of reducing S.Ash level to1.0% S.Ash
coupled with a minimum TBN requirement of 9-10
• Requires significant formulation change using non-ash forming organic TBN
components.
• These components are less effective than metal additives in corrosion
protection and piston cleanliness.
• Oil quality is reduced and particularly for high sulphur (>500 ppm) diesel
applications.
• They are less cost effective and therefore higher consumer spending.
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14. Thank You for Your Attention!
Any Questions?
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