The document discusses several cybersecurity threats, particularly to the financial services industry. It notes that around 5% of machines are part of botnets used to carry out distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. Phishing attacks target financial institutions, with over 8 million phishing emails blocked daily in 2006. Solutions are difficult as threats evolve, with attackers moving to botnets and more sophisticated scams. The document concludes these threats are merging into an Internet criminal economy, and that redistributing liability across industries may help drive security innovations.

1. Cybersecurity threats: medium-term outlook Dr Ian Brown Oxford University University College London