1. QUANTUM LEVITATION
(superconductors)
Presented By
Soumya Ranjan Pattanaik
Regd No - 0901106239
Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering & Technology,
Bhubaneswar
Submitted To
Dr. Abhimanyu Mohapatra
Dr. Ranjan Kumar Jena

2. Preface
• Definition
• Concept
• Timeline
• Definition of Quantum locking
• Description of Quantum locking
• Applications
• Future of superconductors

3. What is a SUPERCONDUCTOR?
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly
zero electrical resistance and expulsion of
magnetic fields occurring in certain materials
when cooled below a characteristic critical
temperature.

4. What is electrical resistance ?
Electrons collide with atoms and dissipate energy in the
form of heat due to electrical resistance.

5. Zero electrical resistance
Below a certain critical Temperature
no collision occurs inside a
superconductor.

6. Meissner’s effect
Below the critical temperature(Tc) the
superconductor expels the magnetic flux by
developing circulatory currents inside its
body i.e. opposing magnetic fields.
Bc
T<Tc , B<Bc

7. HTS superconductors
• Cheaper cooling
HTS • High Reliability
• Simpler Technology
• High cost
LTS • High Thermal Stability
• Difficult Technology

8. Superconducting VS Normal cables
Normal cables HTS cables
• No critical Temperatures. • Zero resistivity below Tc.
• Lesser conductivity. • Conductivity 10^6 times better than
• With increase in current density size Cu.
gets bigger than superconductors. • Can carry enormous amount of
• Power is dissipated in the form of currents in small sizes.
heat .Hence reliability is less. • No power dissipation. Hence higher
• Cost is higher in a long run . reliability.
• Cost is lesser.

9. Superconductor Timeline
Sl Year Invention Scientists Applications
1. 1911 Zero electrical Resistance Kamerling onnes Lossless power
cables,Maglev
2. 1933 Diamagnetic behavior Meissner Quantum
levitation
3. 1957 BCS theory Bardin-cooper- Explanation
schreiffer of SC
4. ----------- Type-2 superconductors Abriskov Abriskov state
5. 1986 High temperature superconductors Bednoz & muller Cheaper &
available apps
6. 2012 Quantum locking Eugene Quantum
Podkletnov levitation

10. Quantum Locking
Magnetic flux lines(flux-ons) do not move and are
pinned inside a Type-2 ultra-thin superconductor .
100 billion flux lines

11. Why Quantum locking ?
Magnetic Flux is QUANTIZED inside the superconductor i.e.
Magnetic flux enclosed in a superconductor is integral
multiples of fluxons.
Discrete Magnetic lines Pictured From Above

12. TED 2012 BOAZ ALMOG

13. What is it made of ?
It is made of a ceramic compound YBa2Cu3O7-x .
Tc = 93 K Cooled with liquid N2 .
Consists of :
• .5 micron superconducting layer
• 500 micron sapphire crystal
• Gold plated
Coated with Gold for protection

14. Maglev Vs Q.lev
Maglev (non-zero potential) Q.Lev (zero potential)
• This is based on the repulsive • Based on the quantum locking
nature of the magnetic fields. principle.
• Conductive property of the • Diamagnetic property of
superconductors are superconductors are used.
used(Electro-magnets).
• Type-1 as well as Type-2 • Only occurs in Type-2
superconductors may be used. superconductors.
• High stability . Multiple vehicles
• Low stability. on the same track at same time is
possible.
• Lift lesser loads in comparison. • Can lift very high loads.
• Electromagnets required on both • Electromagnets required on the
rails and the train as well. rail only.

15. Applications
Generators Transformers
Power cables Energy storage

16. Applications
MRI scanners Particle accelerators
Maglev Trains

17. Future of Quantum levitation
1. Gravity loophole
As superconductor locks a particle
above and below its surface, it can
be used anywhere to create an
environment without gravity.
2. Frictionless Bearings
A lot of energy is wasted in bearing
friction even though the contact
area is too small .It is because of
the perpendicular force. But in case
of quantum levitation the bearing
remains suspended in mid air.

18. Future of Quantum levitation
3. Q.lev Trains
Quantum levitating trains are far more
stable and practical . They require lesser
magnetic field to operate and also can
carry heavy loads in comparison.
4. Lossless Electrical Machines
Generally Electrical machines faces a lot of losses
like Hysterisis loss, Eddy current loss, Copper loss ,
Friction & Windage losses .With the help of HTS
power cables copper losses have already been
minimized. But this Q.lev will help us in minimizing
the windage and friction losses. This will also help
in minimizing the leakage flux to zero.

19. Future of Quantum levitation
Estimated
Electronics
Energy
Transportation
Industry
Medical
Year 1995 2000 2010 2020
Evolution of the superconductors materials application
Source: ISIS – International Superconductivity Industry Summit.

20. THANK YOU