Gen

1. I. LIFE
A. What are we studying
1. Biology
“Bio” = Life “ology” = Description
2. How to study
B. Define

2. C. CHARACTERISTICS
C1. Complex, Organized Order
Have levels of hierarchy where each level
based on and dependent on the ones
below.
C2. Metabolism
Acquire and use energy from the
environment

3. C3. Homeostasis
Maintain a complex structure and internal
environment
C4. Growth & Development
Become larger and more complex.
Use material from the environment and
incorporate into the body.

4. C5. Respond to stimuli
Interacts with the environment.
C6. Reproduce
Make individuals similar to themselves.
C7. Evolve
Change over time (from generation to
generation)

5. C8. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL THAT
CONTROLS EVERYTHING.
Stores information that acts as a blueprint
D. HOW STUDY

6. E. How to classify life
1. What is used
Cell type
Cell number
Mode of nutrition

7. 2. Classification – 3 domains & 4 kingdoms
a. Domains
BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA
Prokaryote prokaryote eukaryote cell

8. b. Kingdoms of Eukarya
Eukaryotic cell
PROTISTA – single or colony
FUNGI – multicellular, consume others, cell wall
PLANTAE – multicellular, make food, cell wall
ANIMALIA – multicellular, consume others

9. II. SCIENCE
A. Definition
A systematized, mechanistic,
causalistic discipline where
generalizations to unknowns are
determined through observation
and experimentation

10. B. Characteristics of science
B1. CONTROL OF THE UNIVERSE
Vitalism Mechanism
A vital force (outside the The universe follows the
physical realm controls laws of chemistry and
the universe). physics (uniform in
space and time).
Ex. Religion Ex. Science

11. B2. PURPOSE OF THE UNIVERSE
Teleology Causalism
The universe and There is no purpose to
events are pre-planned. the universe everything
is understood by cause
Ex. Religion and effect.
(Cause) (Effect)
X happens Y happens

12. B3. LOGIC
Deductive Inductive
Generalization Specifics
Specifics Generalization
CAN’T PROVE TRUE
Ex. Math
Religion Ex. Science

13. III. TWO SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES
A. Discovery Science
1. Make verifiable observations and
measurements to describe life
2. Completely based on inductive
reasoning.

14. B. Hypothesis-Driven Science
1. Use scientific method to ask questions
2. Do experiments
3. Use deductive logic to test hypothesis.

15. C. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment and Conrol
Evluate results
Publish
Theory

16. METHOD OBSERVATION
Definition Use senses
Example: Bacteria does not grow
1920’s Fleming around fungus.

17. METHOD QUESTION
Definition What is the cause?
Example: How is the fungus killing the
bacteria?

18. METHOD HYPOTHESIS
Definition Testable statement with one
variable that proposes an
explanation for observations
Example: The fungus produces a
chemical that kills the
bacteria.

19. METHOD PREDICTION
Definition What you think will happen.
Example: If I isolate material produced
I will find a chemical.

20. METHOD
EXPERIMENT CONTROL
Test the hypothesis Same as experiment but
with only one variable without the variable
Heat broth/fungus Heat broth/ no fungus
Filter Filter
Pour on bacteria Pour on bacteria
BACTERIA DIE BACTERIA LIVE

21. METHOD EVALUATE
Definition What you think results mean.
Example: A chemical produced by the
fungus kills the bacteria.

22. METHOD PUBLISH
Definition Communicate with scientific
community.
Example: Peer review.

23. METHOD THEORY
Definition A general explanation of
natural phenomena. A
theory has been tested
and upheld many times.
THIS IS NOT A SIMPLE IDEA BUT A
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE.

24. IV. LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY
Chemical
atoms, compounds
Cellular
organelles, cells
Tissue
cells & cell products that work together

25. Organ
Tissues that work together and have a
genetic shape.
System
Group of organs that work together for a
function.
Organism
Individual

26. Population
Local group of individuals that are
reproductively isolated
Community
Group of populations that live close enough
to interact
Ecosystem
Group of communities and related abiotic

27. V. MODERN SCIENTISTS
A. Linnaeus – classification & taxonomy
B. Schleiden & Schwann – Cell Theory
C. Charles Darwin – Theory of Evolution
D. Gregor Mendel - Genetics