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Radiation 101


        Dr. Bill Cardoso
        President and CEO
  bcardoso@creativeelectron.com
           760.752.1192
          253 Pawnee St.
       San Marcos, CA 92078
    www.CreativeElectron.com
What is radiation?




          “Radia0on%is%energy%in%the%form%of%electroDmagne0c%
          waves%or%par0culate%maGer,%traveling%in%the%air.”%




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What types of radiation exist?




          “In%order%to%answer%this%ques0on%we%first%need%to%
          learn%where%does%radia0on%come%from.”%




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How radiation is created?




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α"                                 β"

                            neutron                                                    γ or X-ray "

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Radioac've%Atom%



                                                                                                 alpha%par'cle%
                          X4ray%




                                                                                                 beta%par'cle%




                                                                  gamma%ray%

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Radiation can be of natural or artificial origin

         Natural background radiation comes from two primary sources: cosmic radiation and terrestrial
         sources. The worldwide average background dose for a human being is about 2.4
         millisievert (mSv) per year.[9] This exposure is mostly from cosmic radiation and natural
         radionuclides in the environment (including those within the body).

         Natural origin entangles materials that contain radioactive atoms. Examples can include certain
         types of minerals found in nature like some types of granite as well as Radon.

         Radon
         Radon is a terrestrial source of ionizing radiation that is of particular concern because, although
         on average it is very rare, this intensely radioactive element can be found in high
         concentrations in many areas of the world, where it represents a significant health hazard.
         Radon is a decay product of uranium, which is relatively common in the Earth's crust, but
         generally concentrated in ore-bearing rocks scattered around the world. Radon seeps out of
         these ores into the atmosphere or into ground water, and in these localities it can accumulate
         within dwellings and expose humans to high concentrations. The widespread construction of
         well insulated and sealed homes in the northern industrialized world has led to radon
         becoming the primary source of background radiation in some localities in northern North
         America and Europe.
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Terrestrial sources
         •  Radioactive material is found throughout nature. It occurs naturally in the soil, rocks, water,
             air, and vegetation. The major radionuclides of concern for terrestrial radiation are common
             elements with low-abundance radioactive isotopes, like potassium and carbon, or the long-
             lived elements uranium and thorium and their decay products, some of which,
             like radium and radon are intensely radioactive but occur in low concentrations.

         Cosmic radiation
         •  Estimate of the maximum dose of radiation received at an altitude of 12 km January 20,
            2005, following a violent solar flare. The doses are expressed in millionths of a Sievert per
            hour.
         •  The Earth, and all living things on it, are constantly bombarded by radiation from outer
            space. This radiation primarily consists of positively charged ions from protons to iron and
            larger nuclei derived sources outside our solar system. This radiation interacts with atoms in
            the atmosphere to create secondary radiation, including X-rays, muons, protons, alpha
            particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons.



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Electromagnetic Spectrum




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Radiation from Natural Sources




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A%banana%equivalent%dose%(actually%biologically%effec've%dose,%abbreviated%BED)%is%a%
   whimsical%unit%of%radia0on%exposure,%informally%defined%as%the%addi0onal%dose%a%person%will%
   absorb%from%ea0ng%one%banana%(for%example).%
   The%major%natural%source%of%radioac0vity%in%plant%0ssue%is%potassium,%which%in%nature%
   contains%0.0117%%of%the%unstable%isotope%potassiumD40%(40K).%
   Although%the%amount%in%a%single%banana%is%small%in%environmental%and%medical%terms,%the%
   radioac0vity%from%a%truckload%of%bananas%is%capable%of%causing%a%false%alarm%when%passed%
   through%a%Radia0on%Portal%Monitor%used%to%detect%possible%smuggling%of%nuclear%material%at%
   U.S.%ports.%
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Artificial radiation sources




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Radiation from Manmade Sources




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Frequent%aboveDground%nuclear%explosions%between%the%1940s%and%1960s%
                  scaGered%a%substan0al%amount%of%radioac0ve%contamina0on.%Some%of%
                  this%contamina0on%is%local,%rendering%the%immediate%surroundings%highly%
                  radioac0ve,%while%some%of%it%is%carried%longer%distances%as%nuclear%fallout;%
                  some%of%this%material%is%dispersed%worldwide.%The%increase%in%background%
                  radia0on%due%to%these%tests%peaked%in%1963%at%about%0.15%mSv%per%year%
                  worldwide,%or%about%7%%of%average%background%dose%from%all%sources.%




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Ionizing radiation

           A%radia0on%is%said%to%be%ionizing%when%it%has%enough%energy%to%eject%one%or%more%
           electrons%from%the%atoms%or%molecules%in%the%irradiated%medium.%%




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Types of Radiation and Penetration




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QUANTIFICATION OF RADIATION
    There%are%four%different%but%interrelated%units%for%measuring%it;%radioac0vity,%exposure,%absorbed%dose,%
    and%dose%equivalent.%These%can%be%remembered%by%the%mnemonic%R4E4A4D.%

    Radioac0vity%refers%to%the%amount%of%ionizing%radia0on%released%by%a%material.%Whether%it%emits%alpha%
    or%beta%par0cles,%gamma%rays,%xDrays,%or%neutrons,%a%quan0ty%of%radioac0ve%material%is%expressed%in%
    terms%of%its%radioac0vity%(or%simply%its%ac0vity),%which%represents%how%many%atoms%in%the%material%decay%
    in%a%given%0me%period.%The%units%of%measure%for%radioac0vity%are%the%curie%(Ci)%and%becquerel%(Bq).%It%is%
    important%to%men0on%that%radiac0ve%material%decays%in%a%random%fashion,%and%not%in%a%con0nuous%or%
    periodic%way.%
    Exposure%describes%the%amount%of%radia0on%traveling%through%the%air.%Many%radia0on%monitors%measure%
    exposure.%The%units%for%exposure%are%the%roentgen%(R)%and%coulomb/kilogram%(C/kg).%
    Absorbed%dose%describes%the%amount%of%radia0on%absorbed%by%an%object%or%person%(that%is,%the%amount%
    of%energy%that%radioac0ve%sources%deposit%in%materials%through%which%they%pass).%The%units%for%
    absorbed%dose%are%the%radia0on%absorbed%dose%(rad)%and%gray%(Gy).%
    Dose%equivalent%(or%effec0ve%dose)%combines%the%amount%of%radia0on%absorbed%and%the%medical%effects%
    of%that%type%of%radia0on.%For%beta%and%gamma%radia0on,%the%dose%equivalent%is%the%same%as%the%
    absorbed%dose.%By%contrast,%the%dose%equivalent%is%larger%than%the%absorbed%dose%for%alpha%and%neutron%
    radia0on,%because%these%types%of%radia0on%are%more%damaging%to%the%human%body.%Units%for%
    dose%equivalent%are%the%roentgen%equivalent%man%(rem)%and%sievert%(Sv),%and%biological%dose%equivalents%
    are%commonly%measured%in%1/1000th%of%a%rem%(known%as%a%millirem%ormrem).%


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For%prac0cal%purposes,%1%R%(exposure)%=%1%rad%(absorbed%dose)%=%1%rem%or%1000%mrem%
      (dose%equivalent).%
      Note%that%a%measure%given%in%Ci%tells%the%radioac0vity%of%a%substance,%while%a%measure%in%
      rem%(or%mrem)%tells%the%amount%of%energy%that%a%radioac0ve%source%deposits%in%living%
      0ssue.%For%example,%a%person%would%receive%a%dose%equivalent%of%1%mrem%from%any%one%of%
      the%following%ac0vi0es:%
      3%days%of%living%in%Atlanta%
      2%days%of%living%in%Denver%
      1%year%of%watching%television%(on%average)%
      1%year%of%wearing%a%watch%with%a%luminous%dial%
      1%coastDtoDcoast%airline%flight%
      1%year%living%next%door%to%a%normally%opera0ng%nuclear%power%plant%




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Real time data from iRad Geigers around the world




      *Color%coded%–%green%%OK,%red%%high%radia0on%levels%                           www.CreativeElectron.com
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iRad Geiger




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How does it work?
                                                                                       Cosm%



                                              Private%Key%1%                                     Public%Key%2%


                        Feed%1%                                      …Feed%n%                       Feed%1%




                          ID%1,2,3…%                                   ID%1,2,3…%                    ID%1,2,3…%




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1: Create account at cosm.com




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2: Add device, “Something Else”




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Configure your Device/Feed

         •  Step 1 – Data
                –  No, I will push data to Cosm
         •  Step 2 – Title
                –  My iRad Geiger Feed
         •  Step 3 – Tags
                –  radiation, southern california (plus any other
                   searchable tags)
         •  Step 4 – Create
                –  Create your new feed!

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Feed configured!




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Delete Private Access key




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www.CreativeElectron.com
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Copy key and email to iRad Host




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Add “irad” tag to datastream




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Cosm setup completed




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Select Setup in iRad App




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Click on Pachube




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Enter info from Cosm




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Real time data from your iRad




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Visualize data




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Radiation 101

  • 1. inventing a better tomorrow Radiation 101 Dr. Bill Cardoso President and CEO bcardoso@creativeelectron.com 760.752.1192 253 Pawnee St. San Marcos, CA 92078 www.CreativeElectron.com
  • 2. What is radiation? “Radia0on%is%energy%in%the%form%of%electroDmagne0c% waves%or%par0culate%maGer,%traveling%in%the%air.”% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 3. What types of radiation exist? “In%order%to%answer%this%ques0on%we%first%need%to% learn%where%does%radia0on%come%from.”% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 4. How radiation is created? www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 10. α" β" neutron γ or X-ray " www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 11. Radioac've%Atom% alpha%par'cle% X4ray% beta%par'cle% gamma%ray% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 12. Radiation can be of natural or artificial origin Natural background radiation comes from two primary sources: cosmic radiation and terrestrial sources. The worldwide average background dose for a human being is about 2.4 millisievert (mSv) per year.[9] This exposure is mostly from cosmic radiation and natural radionuclides in the environment (including those within the body). Natural origin entangles materials that contain radioactive atoms. Examples can include certain types of minerals found in nature like some types of granite as well as Radon. Radon Radon is a terrestrial source of ionizing radiation that is of particular concern because, although on average it is very rare, this intensely radioactive element can be found in high concentrations in many areas of the world, where it represents a significant health hazard. Radon is a decay product of uranium, which is relatively common in the Earth's crust, but generally concentrated in ore-bearing rocks scattered around the world. Radon seeps out of these ores into the atmosphere or into ground water, and in these localities it can accumulate within dwellings and expose humans to high concentrations. The widespread construction of well insulated and sealed homes in the northern industrialized world has led to radon becoming the primary source of background radiation in some localities in northern North America and Europe. www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 13. Terrestrial sources •  Radioactive material is found throughout nature. It occurs naturally in the soil, rocks, water, air, and vegetation. The major radionuclides of concern for terrestrial radiation are common elements with low-abundance radioactive isotopes, like potassium and carbon, or the long- lived elements uranium and thorium and their decay products, some of which, like radium and radon are intensely radioactive but occur in low concentrations. Cosmic radiation •  Estimate of the maximum dose of radiation received at an altitude of 12 km January 20, 2005, following a violent solar flare. The doses are expressed in millionths of a Sievert per hour. •  The Earth, and all living things on it, are constantly bombarded by radiation from outer space. This radiation primarily consists of positively charged ions from protons to iron and larger nuclei derived sources outside our solar system. This radiation interacts with atoms in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation, including X-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons. www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 14. Electromagnetic Spectrum www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 15. Radiation from Natural Sources www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 16. A%banana%equivalent%dose%(actually%biologically%effec've%dose,%abbreviated%BED)%is%a% whimsical%unit%of%radia0on%exposure,%informally%defined%as%the%addi0onal%dose%a%person%will% absorb%from%ea0ng%one%banana%(for%example).% The%major%natural%source%of%radioac0vity%in%plant%0ssue%is%potassium,%which%in%nature% contains%0.0117%%of%the%unstable%isotope%potassiumD40%(40K).% Although%the%amount%in%a%single%banana%is%small%in%environmental%and%medical%terms,%the% radioac0vity%from%a%truckload%of%bananas%is%capable%of%causing%a%false%alarm%when%passed% through%a%Radia0on%Portal%Monitor%used%to%detect%possible%smuggling%of%nuclear%material%at% U.S.%ports.% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 17. Artificial radiation sources www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 18. Radiation from Manmade Sources www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 19. Frequent%aboveDground%nuclear%explosions%between%the%1940s%and%1960s% scaGered%a%substan0al%amount%of%radioac0ve%contamina0on.%Some%of% this%contamina0on%is%local,%rendering%the%immediate%surroundings%highly% radioac0ve,%while%some%of%it%is%carried%longer%distances%as%nuclear%fallout;% some%of%this%material%is%dispersed%worldwide.%The%increase%in%background% radia0on%due%to%these%tests%peaked%in%1963%at%about%0.15%mSv%per%year% worldwide,%or%about%7%%of%average%background%dose%from%all%sources.% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 20. Ionizing radiation A%radia0on%is%said%to%be%ionizing%when%it%has%enough%energy%to%eject%one%or%more% electrons%from%the%atoms%or%molecules%in%the%irradiated%medium.%% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 21. Types of Radiation and Penetration www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 22. QUANTIFICATION OF RADIATION There%are%four%different%but%interrelated%units%for%measuring%it;%radioac0vity,%exposure,%absorbed%dose,% and%dose%equivalent.%These%can%be%remembered%by%the%mnemonic%R4E4A4D.% Radioac0vity%refers%to%the%amount%of%ionizing%radia0on%released%by%a%material.%Whether%it%emits%alpha% or%beta%par0cles,%gamma%rays,%xDrays,%or%neutrons,%a%quan0ty%of%radioac0ve%material%is%expressed%in% terms%of%its%radioac0vity%(or%simply%its%ac0vity),%which%represents%how%many%atoms%in%the%material%decay% in%a%given%0me%period.%The%units%of%measure%for%radioac0vity%are%the%curie%(Ci)%and%becquerel%(Bq).%It%is% important%to%men0on%that%radiac0ve%material%decays%in%a%random%fashion,%and%not%in%a%con0nuous%or% periodic%way.% Exposure%describes%the%amount%of%radia0on%traveling%through%the%air.%Many%radia0on%monitors%measure% exposure.%The%units%for%exposure%are%the%roentgen%(R)%and%coulomb/kilogram%(C/kg).% Absorbed%dose%describes%the%amount%of%radia0on%absorbed%by%an%object%or%person%(that%is,%the%amount% of%energy%that%radioac0ve%sources%deposit%in%materials%through%which%they%pass).%The%units%for% absorbed%dose%are%the%radia0on%absorbed%dose%(rad)%and%gray%(Gy).% Dose%equivalent%(or%effec0ve%dose)%combines%the%amount%of%radia0on%absorbed%and%the%medical%effects% of%that%type%of%radia0on.%For%beta%and%gamma%radia0on,%the%dose%equivalent%is%the%same%as%the% absorbed%dose.%By%contrast,%the%dose%equivalent%is%larger%than%the%absorbed%dose%for%alpha%and%neutron% radia0on,%because%these%types%of%radia0on%are%more%damaging%to%the%human%body.%Units%for% dose%equivalent%are%the%roentgen%equivalent%man%(rem)%and%sievert%(Sv),%and%biological%dose%equivalents% are%commonly%measured%in%1/1000th%of%a%rem%(known%as%a%millirem%ormrem).% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 23. For%prac0cal%purposes,%1%R%(exposure)%=%1%rad%(absorbed%dose)%=%1%rem%or%1000%mrem% (dose%equivalent).% Note%that%a%measure%given%in%Ci%tells%the%radioac0vity%of%a%substance,%while%a%measure%in% rem%(or%mrem)%tells%the%amount%of%energy%that%a%radioac0ve%source%deposits%in%living% 0ssue.%For%example,%a%person%would%receive%a%dose%equivalent%of%1%mrem%from%any%one%of% the%following%ac0vi0es:% 3%days%of%living%in%Atlanta% 2%days%of%living%in%Denver% 1%year%of%watching%television%(on%average)% 1%year%of%wearing%a%watch%with%a%luminous%dial% 1%coastDtoDcoast%airline%flight% 1%year%living%next%door%to%a%normally%opera0ng%nuclear%power%plant% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 24. Real time data from iRad Geigers around the world *Color%coded%–%green%%OK,%red%%high%radia0on%levels% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 25. iRad Geiger www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 26. How does it work? Cosm% Private%Key%1% Public%Key%2% Feed%1% …Feed%n% Feed%1% ID%1,2,3…% ID%1,2,3…% ID%1,2,3…% www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 27. 1: Create account at cosm.com www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 28. 2: Add device, “Something Else” www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 29. Configure your Device/Feed •  Step 1 – Data –  No, I will push data to Cosm •  Step 2 – Title –  My iRad Geiger Feed •  Step 3 – Tags –  radiation, southern california (plus any other searchable tags) •  Step 4 – Create –  Create your new feed! www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 30. Feed configured! www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 31. Delete Private Access key www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 33. Copy key and email to iRad Host www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 34. Add “irad” tag to datastream www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 35. Cosm setup completed www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 36. Select Setup in iRad App www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 37. Click on Pachube www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 38. Enter info from Cosm www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 39. Real time data from your iRad www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%
  • 40. Visualize data www.CreativeElectron.com This%slide%contains%Crea0ve%Electron’s%proprietary%informa0on.%NOT%FOR%DISTRIBUTION%