The document summarizes key concepts about eukaryotic cell structure and function. It describes the endomembrane system including the ER, Golgi bodies and vesicles. It also discusses mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cytoskeleton, and cell surface specializations. Common organelles of plant and animal cells are compared, including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, Golgi bodies and cell membrane.
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Figure 4.16 Endomembrane system, where many proteins are modified and lipids are built. These molecules are sorted and shipped to cellular destinations or to the plasma membrane for export.
Figure 4.16 Endomembrane system, where many proteins are modified and lipids are built. These molecules are sorted and shipped to cellular destinations or to the plasma membrane for export.
Figure 4.17 The mitochondrion. This organelle specializes in producing large quantities of ATP.
Figure 4.17 The mitochondrion. This organelle specializes in producing large quantities of ATP.
Figure 4.17 The mitochondrion. This organelle specializes in producing large quantities of ATP.
Figure 4.18 The chloroplast, a defining character of photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. Bottom , transmission electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a tobacco leaf ( Nicotiana tabacum ). The lighter patches are nucleoids where the chloroplast’s own DNA is stored.
Figure 4.18 The chloroplast, a defining character of photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. Bottom , transmission electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a tobacco leaf ( Nicotiana tabacum ). The lighter patches are nucleoids where the chloroplast’s own DNA is stored.
Figure 4.18 The chloroplast, a defining character of photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. Bottom , transmission electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a tobacco leaf ( Nicotiana tabacum ). The lighter patches are nucleoids where the chloroplast’s own DNA is stored.
Figure 4.19 Cytoskeletal elements. Below , a fluorescence micrograph shows microtubules ( yellow ) and actin microfilaments ( blue ) in the growing end of a nerve cell. These cytoskeletal elements support and guide the cell’s lengthening.
Figure 4.20 Motor proteins. Here, kinesin ( tan ) drags a pink vesicle as it inches along a microtubule.
Figure 4.21 Examples of motile structures in cells. A Flagellum of a human sperm, which is about to penetrate an egg. B A predatory amoeba ( Chaos carolinense ) extending two pseudopods around its hapless meal: a single-celled green alga ( Pandorina ).
Figure 4.22 Mechanism of movement of eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
Figure 4.22 Mechanism of movement of eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
Figure 4.21 Examples of motile structures in cells. A Flagellum of a human sperm, which is about to penetrate an egg. B A predatory amoeba ( Chaos carolinense ) extending two pseudopods around its hapless meal: a single-celled green alga ( Pandorina ).
Figure 4.23 A plant ECM. Section through a plant leaf showing cuticle, a protective covering of deposits secreted by living cells.
Figure 4.24 Some characteristics of plant cell walls.
Figure 4.24 Some characteristics of plant cell walls.
Figure 4.25 Three types of cell junctions in animal tissues: tight junctions, gap junctions, and adhering junctions. In the micrograph above , a profusion of tight junctions ( green ) seals abutting surfaces of kidney cell membranes and forms a waterproof tissue. The DNA in each cell nucleus appears red .
Figure 4.26 Organelles and structures typical of A plant cells and B animal cells.
Figure 4.26 Organelles and structures typical of A plant cells and B animal cells.
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