2. Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory conceived in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries by famous neurologist
Sigmund Freud.
In addition to being a specialized type of therapy,
psychoanalysis is also a comprehensive, in-depth theory of
the mind. It has many applications. Using the uniquely
psychoanalytic explanatory tools of the unconscious,
transference and development, among others,
psychoanalytic insight can enrich the understanding of
human beings, their behaviors and motivations in a wide
range of arenas from business to politics to sports, the arts,
education, advertising, the law, literature, family relations,
and popular culture.
3. THE BASIC TENETS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely determined by
irrational drives;
those drives are largely unconscious
attempts to bring those drives into awareness meet psychological
resistance in the form of defense mechanisms;
beside the inherited constitution of personality, one's development is
determined by events in early childhood;
conflicts between conscious view of reality and unconscious (repressed)
material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits,
anxiety, depression etc.;
.
4. PSYCHOANALYTIC TECHNIQUES
Free Association
Client reports immediately without censoring any
feelings or thoughts
Interpretation
Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the
meanings of whatever is revealed
Dream Analysis
Therapist uses the “royal road to the unconscious”
to bring unconscious material to light
5. FIVE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
Oral stage
lasts for the first 18 months
pleasure seeking activities include: sucking, chewing,
and biting
Fixation
adults who continue to engage in oral activities, such as
overeating, gum chewing, or smoking; oral activities can be
symbolic as well, such as being overly demanding or
“mouthing off”
6. Anal stage
late infancy: one and a half to three years
a time when the infant’s pleasure seeking is centered
on the anus and its functions of elimination
Fixation
results in adults who continue to engage in activities
of retention or elimination
retention: very neat, stingy, or behaviorally rigid
elimination: generous, messy, or behaving very loose
or carefree
7. Phallic stage
early childhood: 3 to 6 years
infant’s pleasure seeking is centered on the genitals
Oedipus complex
process in which a child competes with the parent of the
same sex for the affections and pleasures of the parent of
the opposite sex
8. Latency stage
middle to late childhood: 6 to puberty
time when the child represses sexual thoughts and
engages in nonsexual activities, such as developing
social and intellectual skills
puberty
sexuality reappears
9. Genital stage
puberty through adulthood
time when the individual has renewed sexual desires
that he or she seeks to fulfill through relationships
with other people
conflict resolution depends on how conflicts in the first
three stages were resolved
10. ID,EGO,SUPER EGO
Freud divided the mind into three separate processes. ie;
id , ego and super ego
each has a different function
Freud believed that the human mind was like
an iceberg.
11. THE MIND IS AN ICEBERG
The id and superego
are below the surface
Only the ego is on the
conscious level.
12. Id
•The id demands immediate satisfaction
•The id does not care what society thinks
•ID isn’t bound by logic or reality; it follows the
“pleasure principle”;
• it’s aims are to avoid pain, reduce tension, and indulge;
it is made of urges, wishes, needs, and wants; it is the
original source of the personality.
Ego
•Ego emerges from the id to satisfy the demands of society;
•it is the part of the mind that balances personal needs with
available resources
• its goal is to ensure the health and survival of the self. It
uses reason, planning, and delayed gratification
• it operates according to the “reality principle”
13. • it operates according to the “reality
principle
• The ego is logical
• it is the most ideal stage
• The ego is the decision maker
• The ego compromises between
Id and super ego
• Ego is Rational, logical, waking
part of mind.
Its job:
• To regulate the instinctual
desires of the ID
• Allow those desires to be
released in some
nondestructive way
14. SUPEREGO
Acts as an internal censor
Causes one to make moral judgments in
light of social pressures.
Operates according to the Morality society
and us from ID.
Suppresses desires and instincts
forbidden by society
Puts them back into unconscious
Manifests itself through punishment.
If allowed to operate at its own discretion, will
create an unconscious sense of guilt and fear
15. Objections to Freud's Theory
Some of the objections typically raised in response to
Freudian theory are:
• Freud's hypotheses are neither verifiable nor falsifiable. It is not clear
what would count as evidence sufficient to confirm or refute theoretical
claims.
• The theory is based on an inadequate conceptualization of the
experience of women.
• The theory overemphasizes the role of sexuality in human
psychological development and experience.
