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Microbes

        Bibhabasu Mohanty
Asst. Prof. Dept. of civil Engineering
       SALITER, Ahmedabad
Content…
Types of microbes, Growth and their role
in environment.
Microbes
Are invisible to the naked eye, you need a
 powerful microscope to see them.
Are everywhere around us, inside us, on us, in
 our food, in our homes, in the air we breathe
 and the water we wash in.
Are mostly useful, but some are harmful
Are vital for life on Earth.
What do Microbes look like ?
Magnified 1000‘s of times and coloured using
dye, we see -
Microbes exist in huge numbers
In one single teaspoon of garden soil, there are
 over 100,000 microbes. In 1ltr of
 seawater, there are over 1bn microbes.
On your hands there are more microbes than
 there are people in the world.
There are so many microbes, that scientists
 have only named 0.5% of them.
Microbes outnumber all other species and
 make up most of the living matter on the
 planet.
Microbes live among us
In our food
Cleaning up our waste
Killing pests
Making medicines
In the making of such things as leather, soy
 sauce, cheese and paper.
In our bodies.
Types of Microbes
Named based on their particular physiological
 and nutritional characteristics.
  Oxygen                 Description
  Aerobe                 Capable of using oxygen as a
                         terminal electron acceptor
  Anaerobe               Grows in the absence of oxygen
  Facultative anaerobe   Can grow aerobically or
                         anaerobically
  Microaerophile         Capable of oxygen-dependent
                         growth but only at low oxygen levels
Temperature        Description
Psychrophile/      Optimal temperature for growth is 15 °C or lower,
facultative        maximal temperature is approximately 20 °C, and
psychrophile       minimal temperature is 0 °C or lower

Psychrotroph       Capable of growing at 5 °C or below, with maximal
                   temperature generally above 25 °C to 30 °C

Mesophile          optimal temperature for growth, which is
                   approximately 37 °C; frequently grows in the range
                   from 8 °C to 10 °C and from 45 °C to 50 °C

Thermophile        Grows at 50 °C or above
Hyperthermophile Grows at 90 °C or above, although optimal
                 temperature for growth is generally above 80 °C;
                 maximal growth of pure cultures occurs between
                 110 °C and 113 °C,
pH              Description
Acidophile      Grows at pH values less than 2
Alkalophile     Grows at pH values greater than 10
Neutrophile     Grows best at pH values near 7

Salinity      Description
Halophile     Requires salt for growth: extreme halophiles (all are archaea), 2.5
              M to 5 M salt; moderate halophiles, usually low levels of NaCl as
              well as 15 to 20 percent NaCl

Hydrostatic pressure        Description
(100 atmospheres per
1,000-m depth)
Barophile                   Obligate barophiles, no growth at 1 atmosphere
                            of pressure; barotolerant bacteria, growth at 1
                            atmosphere but also at higher pressures. (0.987
                            atm = 1 bar = 0.1 megapascal [Mpa])
Nutrition                 Description
Autotroph                 Uses carbon dioxide as its sole source of carbon
Heterotroph               Unable to use carbon dioxide as its sole source of
                          carbon and requires one or more organic
                          compounds
Chemoorganoheterotroph Derives energy from chemical compounds and
                       uses organic compounds as a source of electrons
Chemolithoautotroph       Relies on chemical compounds for energy and uses
                          inorganic compounds as a source of electrons.
                          hydrogen bacteria, iron bacteria, sulfur bacteria,
                          ammonia oxidizers, and nitrite oxidizers.
Mixotroph                 Capable of growing both
                          chemoorganoheterotrophically and
                          chemolithoautotrophically
Oligotroph                Can develop at first cultivation on media containing
                          minimal organic material (1 to 15 micrograms
                          carbon per liter)
Microbes – three types
Bacteria                 strep bacteria


Virus      rotavirus


Fungi
                        mould
Bacteria
 Have three main shapes




  spiral (boriella)  little balls(-cocci)   rods (-bacilli)
 Can move about on their own

 Join up together to form chains
called ‗bio-films‘. As on teeth !
Virus
 Come in 1000s of different shapes and sizes.




 They hang about waiting to meet a ‗host‘ which they
  then invade, hijacking the host‘s cells. Beware the air
  you breathe and door handles !
Fungi
 Not just mushrooms –




 athlete‘s foot, penicillin, and yeast.

 Yeast is used in bread making,
   and brewing
Algae are also Microbes
Algae photosynthesise – taking their energy
 from the sun, and producing oxygen in the
 process. Algae are thought to produce over
 50% of the oxygen in the world.
And finally
 Without microbes, life on this planet would be entirely
  different – they generate oxygen, are part of the carbon
  and nitrogen cycles, and can survive the harshest
  conditions.
 Without microbes, our bodies would not process the
  food we eat.
 They drive the chemistry of life, breaking things down
  into their parts so that life can being again.
 Microbes are small but mighty !
Microbial Growth



refers to the no. of cells, not the size of the
 cells
Factors that Influence Growth
Growth vs. Tolerance
  – ―Growth‖ is generally used to refer to the
    acquisition of biomass leading to cell division, or
    reproduction
  – Many microbes can survive under conditions in
    which they cannot grow
The suffix ―-phile‖ is often used to describe
 conditions permitting growth, whereas the term
 ―tolerant‖ describes conditions in which the
 organisms survive, but don‘t necessarily grow

For example, a ―thermophilic bacterium‖ grows
 under conditions of elevated temperature, while a
 ―thermotolerant bacterium‖ survives elevated
 temperature, but grows at a lower temperature
Factors that Influence Growth
Obligate (strict) vs. facultative
   ―Obligate‖ (or ―strict‖) means that a given condition is
     required for growth
   ―Facultative‖ means that the organism can grow under
     the condition, but doesn‘t require it
   The term ―facultative‖ is often applied to sub-optimal
     conditions
   For example, an obligate thermophile requires
     elevated temperatures for growth, while a facultative
     thermophile may grow in either elevated
     temperatures or lower temperatures
Factors that Influence Growth
Temperature
  – psychrophiles (cold loving microbes )
     •range        0 C - 20 C
  – mesophiles     (moderate temp. loving microbes)
     •range        20 C - 40 C
  – thermophiles     (heat loving microbes)
     •range        40 C - 100 C
Factors that Influence Growth
 pH

 Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 - pH 7.5

 Very few can grow at below       pH 4.0
    many foods, such as sauerkraut, pickles, and cheeses are
    preserved from spoilage by acids produced during
    fermentation
Factors that Influence Growth
Salt concentration

  Halophiles require elevated salt concentrations
   to grow; often require 0.2 M ionic strength or
   greater and may some may grow at 1 M or
   greater; example, Halobacterium.

  Osmotolerant (halotolerant) organisms grow
   over a wide range of salt concentrations or ionic
   strengths; for example, Staphylococcus aureus.
Factors that Influence Growth
Oxygen concentration
  – Strict aerobes: Require oxygen for growth (~20%)
  – Strict anaerobes: Grow in the absence of oxygen;
    cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
  – Facultative anaerobes: Grow best in the presence of
    oxygen, but are able to grow (at reduced rates) in the
    absence of oxygen
  – Aerotolerant anaerobes: Can grow equally well in the
    presence or absence of oxygen
  – Microaerophiles: Require reduced concentrations of
    oxygen (~2 – 10%) for growth
Osmotic Pressure
Microbes obtain almost all their nutrients in
 solution from surrounding water

Tonicity
  – isotonic
  – hypertonic
  – hypotonic
Factors that Influence Growth
Macro & Micro Elements



    C HOPKINS CaFe Mg NaCl
Limiting factors in the environment
Lack of food, water or nutrients
space
accumulation of metabolic wastes
lack of oxygen
changes in pH
temperature
Phases of Growth
4 Phases

1. Lag Phase
2. Log Phase
3. Stationary Phase
4. Death Phase
Microbes
Lag Phase
Bacteria are first introduced into an
 environment or media
Bacteria are ―checking out‖ their surroundings
cells are very active metabolically
 no of cells changes very little
1 hour to several days
Log Phase
Rapid cell growth (exponential growth)
population doubles every generation
microbes are sensitive to adverse conditions
  – antibiotics
  – anti-microbial agents
Stationary Phase
Death rate = rate of reproduction
cells begin to encounter environmental stress
  –   lack of nutrients
  –   lack of water
  –   not enough space
  –   metabolic wastes
  –   oxygen
  –   pH

       Endospores would form now
Death Phase
Death rate > rate of reproduction

Due to limiting factors in the environment
Roles of microbes in environment

Microbes—life forms too tiny to see—play a
surprisingly large role in life on Earth.



Humans depend on microbial communities in
 more ways than you can imagine.
Make air breathable
Keep us healthy
Provide sources of new drugs
Help us digest food
Clean up hazardous chemicals
Support and protect crops
Microbes keep us healthy
Partners for life

Invite a microbe to dinner

Nature‘s master chemists

New possibilities
Microbes keep our planet healthy
Liveable climate.

Healthy farms

Cleaning up

Productive ecosystem
Microbes

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Microbes

  • 1. Microbes Bibhabasu Mohanty Asst. Prof. Dept. of civil Engineering SALITER, Ahmedabad
  • 2. Content… Types of microbes, Growth and their role in environment.
  • 3. Microbes Are invisible to the naked eye, you need a powerful microscope to see them. Are everywhere around us, inside us, on us, in our food, in our homes, in the air we breathe and the water we wash in. Are mostly useful, but some are harmful Are vital for life on Earth.
  • 4. What do Microbes look like ? Magnified 1000‘s of times and coloured using dye, we see -
  • 5. Microbes exist in huge numbers In one single teaspoon of garden soil, there are over 100,000 microbes. In 1ltr of seawater, there are over 1bn microbes. On your hands there are more microbes than there are people in the world. There are so many microbes, that scientists have only named 0.5% of them. Microbes outnumber all other species and make up most of the living matter on the planet.
  • 6. Microbes live among us In our food Cleaning up our waste Killing pests Making medicines In the making of such things as leather, soy sauce, cheese and paper. In our bodies.
  • 7. Types of Microbes Named based on their particular physiological and nutritional characteristics. Oxygen Description Aerobe Capable of using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor Anaerobe Grows in the absence of oxygen Facultative anaerobe Can grow aerobically or anaerobically Microaerophile Capable of oxygen-dependent growth but only at low oxygen levels
  • 8. Temperature Description Psychrophile/ Optimal temperature for growth is 15 °C or lower, facultative maximal temperature is approximately 20 °C, and psychrophile minimal temperature is 0 °C or lower Psychrotroph Capable of growing at 5 °C or below, with maximal temperature generally above 25 °C to 30 °C Mesophile optimal temperature for growth, which is approximately 37 °C; frequently grows in the range from 8 °C to 10 °C and from 45 °C to 50 °C Thermophile Grows at 50 °C or above Hyperthermophile Grows at 90 °C or above, although optimal temperature for growth is generally above 80 °C; maximal growth of pure cultures occurs between 110 °C and 113 °C,
  • 9. pH Description Acidophile Grows at pH values less than 2 Alkalophile Grows at pH values greater than 10 Neutrophile Grows best at pH values near 7 Salinity Description Halophile Requires salt for growth: extreme halophiles (all are archaea), 2.5 M to 5 M salt; moderate halophiles, usually low levels of NaCl as well as 15 to 20 percent NaCl Hydrostatic pressure Description (100 atmospheres per 1,000-m depth) Barophile Obligate barophiles, no growth at 1 atmosphere of pressure; barotolerant bacteria, growth at 1 atmosphere but also at higher pressures. (0.987 atm = 1 bar = 0.1 megapascal [Mpa])
  • 10. Nutrition Description Autotroph Uses carbon dioxide as its sole source of carbon Heterotroph Unable to use carbon dioxide as its sole source of carbon and requires one or more organic compounds Chemoorganoheterotroph Derives energy from chemical compounds and uses organic compounds as a source of electrons Chemolithoautotroph Relies on chemical compounds for energy and uses inorganic compounds as a source of electrons. hydrogen bacteria, iron bacteria, sulfur bacteria, ammonia oxidizers, and nitrite oxidizers. Mixotroph Capable of growing both chemoorganoheterotrophically and chemolithoautotrophically Oligotroph Can develop at first cultivation on media containing minimal organic material (1 to 15 micrograms carbon per liter)
  • 11. Microbes – three types Bacteria strep bacteria Virus rotavirus Fungi mould
  • 12. Bacteria  Have three main shapes spiral (boriella) little balls(-cocci) rods (-bacilli)  Can move about on their own  Join up together to form chains called ‗bio-films‘. As on teeth !
  • 13. Virus  Come in 1000s of different shapes and sizes.  They hang about waiting to meet a ‗host‘ which they then invade, hijacking the host‘s cells. Beware the air you breathe and door handles !
  • 14. Fungi  Not just mushrooms –  athlete‘s foot, penicillin, and yeast.  Yeast is used in bread making, and brewing
  • 15. Algae are also Microbes Algae photosynthesise – taking their energy from the sun, and producing oxygen in the process. Algae are thought to produce over 50% of the oxygen in the world.
  • 16. And finally  Without microbes, life on this planet would be entirely different – they generate oxygen, are part of the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and can survive the harshest conditions.  Without microbes, our bodies would not process the food we eat.  They drive the chemistry of life, breaking things down into their parts so that life can being again.  Microbes are small but mighty !
  • 17. Microbial Growth refers to the no. of cells, not the size of the cells
  • 18. Factors that Influence Growth Growth vs. Tolerance – ―Growth‖ is generally used to refer to the acquisition of biomass leading to cell division, or reproduction – Many microbes can survive under conditions in which they cannot grow
  • 19. The suffix ―-phile‖ is often used to describe conditions permitting growth, whereas the term ―tolerant‖ describes conditions in which the organisms survive, but don‘t necessarily grow For example, a ―thermophilic bacterium‖ grows under conditions of elevated temperature, while a ―thermotolerant bacterium‖ survives elevated temperature, but grows at a lower temperature
  • 20. Factors that Influence Growth Obligate (strict) vs. facultative ―Obligate‖ (or ―strict‖) means that a given condition is required for growth ―Facultative‖ means that the organism can grow under the condition, but doesn‘t require it The term ―facultative‖ is often applied to sub-optimal conditions For example, an obligate thermophile requires elevated temperatures for growth, while a facultative thermophile may grow in either elevated temperatures or lower temperatures
  • 21. Factors that Influence Growth Temperature – psychrophiles (cold loving microbes ) •range 0 C - 20 C – mesophiles (moderate temp. loving microbes) •range 20 C - 40 C – thermophiles (heat loving microbes) •range 40 C - 100 C
  • 22. Factors that Influence Growth  pH  Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 - pH 7.5  Very few can grow at below pH 4.0 many foods, such as sauerkraut, pickles, and cheeses are preserved from spoilage by acids produced during fermentation
  • 23. Factors that Influence Growth Salt concentration Halophiles require elevated salt concentrations to grow; often require 0.2 M ionic strength or greater and may some may grow at 1 M or greater; example, Halobacterium. Osmotolerant (halotolerant) organisms grow over a wide range of salt concentrations or ionic strengths; for example, Staphylococcus aureus.
  • 24. Factors that Influence Growth Oxygen concentration – Strict aerobes: Require oxygen for growth (~20%) – Strict anaerobes: Grow in the absence of oxygen; cannot grow in the presence of oxygen – Facultative anaerobes: Grow best in the presence of oxygen, but are able to grow (at reduced rates) in the absence of oxygen – Aerotolerant anaerobes: Can grow equally well in the presence or absence of oxygen – Microaerophiles: Require reduced concentrations of oxygen (~2 – 10%) for growth
  • 25. Osmotic Pressure Microbes obtain almost all their nutrients in solution from surrounding water Tonicity – isotonic – hypertonic – hypotonic
  • 26. Factors that Influence Growth Macro & Micro Elements  C HOPKINS CaFe Mg NaCl
  • 27. Limiting factors in the environment Lack of food, water or nutrients space accumulation of metabolic wastes lack of oxygen changes in pH temperature
  • 28. Phases of Growth 4 Phases 1. Lag Phase 2. Log Phase 3. Stationary Phase 4. Death Phase
  • 30. Lag Phase Bacteria are first introduced into an environment or media Bacteria are ―checking out‖ their surroundings cells are very active metabolically  no of cells changes very little 1 hour to several days
  • 31. Log Phase Rapid cell growth (exponential growth) population doubles every generation microbes are sensitive to adverse conditions – antibiotics – anti-microbial agents
  • 32. Stationary Phase Death rate = rate of reproduction cells begin to encounter environmental stress – lack of nutrients – lack of water – not enough space – metabolic wastes – oxygen – pH Endospores would form now
  • 33. Death Phase Death rate > rate of reproduction Due to limiting factors in the environment
  • 34. Roles of microbes in environment Microbes—life forms too tiny to see—play a surprisingly large role in life on Earth. Humans depend on microbial communities in more ways than you can imagine.
  • 35. Make air breathable Keep us healthy Provide sources of new drugs Help us digest food Clean up hazardous chemicals Support and protect crops
  • 36. Microbes keep us healthy Partners for life Invite a microbe to dinner Nature‘s master chemists New possibilities
  • 37. Microbes keep our planet healthy Liveable climate. Healthy farms Cleaning up Productive ecosystem