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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View.  Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off.  Please Note : Once you have used any of the animation functions   (such as Play or Pause), you must first click   in the white background before you can advance to the next slide.
BIOL 2064:  Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 12 Edited by Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN Associate Professor South Arkansas Community College
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier    Butler    Lewis  Chapter  12 Nervous System III: Senses Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
12.1: Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
12.2: Receptors, Sensation,  and Perception ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathways From Sensation to Perception  (Example of an Apple)
Receptor Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sensory Impulses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sensations and Perception ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sensory Adaptation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
12.3: General Senses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Touch and Pressure Senses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Touch and Pressure Receptors Epidermis Dermis (a) (b) (c) Section of skin Free nerve endings Epithelial cells Sensory nerve fiber Epithelial cells Tactile (Meissner’s)  corpuscle (touch receptor) Sensory nerve fiber Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle (pressure receptor) Connective tissue cells Sensory nerve fiber Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b, c: © Ed Reschke
Temperature Senses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sense of Pain ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Visceral Pain ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Referred Pain ,[object Object],Appendix Ureter Lung and diaphragm Heart Stomach Pancreas Colon Kidney Urinary bladder Liver and gallbladder Small intestine Ovary (female) Liver and gallbladder Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pain Nerve Pathways ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Regulation of Pain Impulses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
12.1 Clinical Application ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Proprioception ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stretch Receptors (a) Muscle spindle Skeletal muscle fiber Golgi tendon organ T endon (b) Sensory nerve fiber Sensory nerve endings Sensory nerve fiber Connective tissue sheath Intrafusal fiber Skeletal muscle fiber Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Visceral Senses ,[object Object],[object Object]
Summary of Receptors of the General Senses
12.4: Special Senses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sense of Smell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Olfactory Receptors Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nasal cavity Cilia (b) (a) Cribriform plate Olfactory area of nasal cavity Superior nasal concha Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Nerve fibers within the olfactory bulb Olfactory receptor cells Columnar epithelial cells Cribriform plate
Olfactory Nerve Pathways ,[object Object],[object Object]
Olfactory Stimulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
12.2 Clinical Application ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sense of Taste ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Taste Receptors Papillae (a) (b) Connective tissue Sensory nerve fibers Epithelium of tongue Supporting cell Taste pore Taste hair Taste cell Taste buds Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Taste Sensations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Taste Nerve Pathways ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
12.3 Clinical Application ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sense of Hearing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
External Ear ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Round window Pharynx Auditory tube Auricle Oval window (under stapes) Cochlea Malleus Incus Stapes External acoustic meatus Semicircular canals Vestibulocochlear nerve Tympanic cavity Tympanic membrane
Middle Ear Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Round window Pharynx Auditory tube Auricle Oval window (under stapes) Cochlea Malleus Incus Stapes External acoustic meatus Semicircular canals Vestibulocochlear nerve Tympanic cavity Tympanic membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Auditory Tube ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Round window Pharynx Auditory tube Auricle Oval window (under stapes) Cochlea Malleus Incus Stapes External acoustic meatus Semicircular canals Vestibulocochlear nerve Tympanic cavity Tympanic membrane
Inner Ear ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cochlear nerve Maculae Utricle (a) Cochlea Saccule Ampullae Endolymph Perilymph Membranous labyrinth Bony labyrinth Vestibular nerve Scala vestibuli (cut) Scala tympani (cut) Cochlear duct (cut) containing endolymph Vestibule Oval window Round window Semicircular canals Bony labyrinth (contains perilymph) Membranous labyrinth (contains endolymph) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Inner Ear ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cochlear nerve Maculae Utricle (a) Cochlea Saccule Ampullae Endolymph Perilymph Membranous labyrinth Bony labyrinth Vestibular nerve Scala vestibuli (cut) Scala tympani (cut) Cochlear duct (cut) containing endolymph Vestibule Oval window Round window Semicircular canals Bony labyrinth (contains perilymph) Membranous labyrinth (contains endolymph) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cochlea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Stapes vibrating in oval window Scala vestibuli filled with perilymph Vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Scala tympani filled with perilymph Round window Helicotrema Membranous labyrinth Cochlear duct filled with endolymph Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cochlea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Basilar membrane (a) Scala vestibuli (contains perilymph) Vestibular membrane Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Scala tympani (contains perilymph) Branch of cochlear nerve Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Animation: Effect of Sound Waves  on Cochlear Structures Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
12.4 Clinical Application Getting a Cochlear Implant
Organ of Corti ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Hair cells Basilar membrane (a) (b) Scala vestibuli (contains perilymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Scala tympani (contains perilymph) Branch of cochlear nerve Tectorial membrane Basilar membrane Supporting cells Nerve fibers Branch of cochlear nerve Vestibular membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organ of Corti Cochlear duct Scala tympani Hair cells (a) (b) Basilar membrane Tectorial membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited
Auditory Nerve Pathways Midbrain Pons Thalamus Auditory cortex (temporal lobe) Medial geniculate body of thalamus Superior olivary nucleus Medulla oblongata Vestibulocochlear nerve Cochlear nuclei Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
12.5 Clinical Application Hearing Loss
Summary of the Generation of Sensory Impulses from the Ear
Sense of Equilibrium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vestibule ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Saccule Utricle Cochlea Maculae Ampullae of semicircular canals Vestibulocochlear nerve Cochlear duct Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vestibule
Macula ,[object Object],[object Object],Hair cells Sensory nerve fiber Supporting cells Otoliths (a) Head upright (b) Head bent forward Macula of utricle Hairs of hair cells bend Gelatinous material sags Gravitational force Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Semicircular Canals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Saccule Utricle Cochlea Maculae Ampullae of semicircular canals Vestibulocochlear nerve Cochlear duct Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vestibule
Crista Ampullaris Hair cell Supporting cells Sensory nerve fibers Hairs Cupula Crista ampullaris (a) Head in still position (b) Head rotating Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) Crista ampullaris Semicircular canal Endolymph Ampulla Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sense of Sight ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Eyelid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Eyelash Cornea Conjunctiva Eyelid Tendon of levator palpebrae superioris Superior rectus Orbicularis oculi Inferior rectus Tarsal glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lacrimal Apparatus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Lacrimal gland Lacrimal sac Superior and inferior canaliculi Nasolacrimal duct Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Extrinsic Eye Muscles Inferior rectus Inferior oblique Medial rectus Superior rectus Superior oblique Lateral rectus (cut) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Extrinsic Eye Muscles Inferior rectus Inferior oblique Medial rectus Superior rectus Superior oblique Lateral rectus (cut) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structure of the Eye ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ciliary body Retina Choroid coat Sclera Fovea centralis Optic nerve Lens Iris Pupil Cornea Lateral rectus Medial rectus Optic disc Posterior cavity Vitreous humor Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Aqueous humor Suspensory ligaments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior cavity
Outer Tunic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ciliary body Retina Choroid coat Sclera Fovea centralis Optic nerve Lens Iris Pupil Cornea Lateral rectus Medial rectus Optic disc Posterior cavity Vitreous humor Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Aqueous humor Suspensory ligaments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior cavity
Middle Tunic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ciliary body Retina Choroid coat Sclera Fovea centralis Optic nerve Lens Iris Pupil Cornea Lateral rectus Medial rectus Optic disc Posterior cavity Vitreous humor Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Aqueous humor Suspensory ligaments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior cavity
Anterior Portion of Eye ,[object Object],Conjunctiva Iris Lens Ciliary process Ciliary muscles Sclera Cornea Anterior chamber Vitreous humor Suspensory ligaments Posterior chamber Ciliary body Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Conjunctiva Iris Lens Ciliary process Ciliary muscles Sclera Cornea Anterior chamber Vitreous humor Suspensory ligaments Posterior chamber Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ciliary body
Ciliary Body ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Retina Choroid coat Sclera Lens Ciliary processes of ciliary body Suspensory ligaments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Accommodation ,[object Object],(a) Lens thick Lens thin (b) Ciliary muscle fibers contracted Suspensory ligaments relaxed Ciliary muscle fibers relaxed Suspensory ligaments taut Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Iris Sympathetic motor nerve fiber In dim light Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Radially arranged Smooth muscle fibers of the iris Circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers of the iris Pupil In normal light In bright light Parasympathetic ganglion Parasympathetic motor nerve fiber ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Aqueous Humor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sclera Iris Lens Aqueous humor Cornea Vitreous humor Ciliary process Ciliary muscles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior chamber Ciliary body Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) Anterior chamber
Inner Tunic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Posterior Cavity ,[object Object],Ciliary body Retina Choroid coat Sclera Fovea centralis Optic nerve Lens Iris Pupil Cornea Lateral rectus Medial rectus Optic disc Posterior cavity Vitreous humor Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Aqueous humor Suspensory ligaments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior cavity
Major Groups of Retinal Neurons ,[object Object],[object Object],Sclera Receptor cells Rod Cone Retina Bipolar neuron Ganglion cell Nerve fibers Horizontal cell Amacrine cell Light waves Retinal pigment epithelium Pigmented choroid coat Impulses to optic nerve Vitreous humor Layer of connecting neurons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Layers of the Eye
Light Refraction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Light wave Perpendicular line Air Glass Refracted light wave Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Types of Lenses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Air Glass (a) (b) Diverging light waves Convex surface Light wave Converging light waves Concave surface Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Focusing On Retina ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Light waves Object Cornea Image Retina Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Visual Receptors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rods and Cones Cones Rods Rod Cone (c) Many sensory nerve fibers (b) Single sensory nerve fiber (a) Retinal pigment epithelium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. c: © Frank S. Werblin, PhD.
12.6 Clinical Application Refraction Disorders ,[object Object],[object Object],Light waves Light waves Light waves Cornea Lens Retina (a) Eye too long (myopia) (b) Normal eye (c) Eye too short (hyperopia) Point of focus Point of focus Point of focus Light waves Concave lens Convex lens (a) (b) Uncorrected point of focus Corrected point of focus Uncorrected point of focus Corrected point of focus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Visual Pigments ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rod Cells Mitochondria Nucleus Rod cell Discs of membrane within cell Synaptic ending Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stereoscopic Vision ,[object Object],[object Object],Light waves Right eye Left eye Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Visual Nerve Pathway Optic tract Eye Fibers from nasal (medial) half of each retina crossing over Visual cortex of occipital lobe Lateral geniculate body of thalamus Optic chiasma Optic nerve Optic radiations Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
12.5: Lifespan Changes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Important Points in Chapter 12: Outcomes to be Assessed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Important Points in Chapter 12: Outcomes to be Assessed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Quiz 12 Complete Quiz 12 now! Read Chapter 13.

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Chapt12 Holes Lecture Animation[1]

  • 1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note : Once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you can advance to the next slide.
  • 2. BIOL 2064: Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 12 Edited by Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN Associate Professor South Arkansas Community College
  • 3. Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 12 Nervous System III: Senses Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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  • 6. Pathways From Sensation to Perception (Example of an Apple)
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  • 13. Touch and Pressure Receptors Epidermis Dermis (a) (b) (c) Section of skin Free nerve endings Epithelial cells Sensory nerve fiber Epithelial cells Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle (touch receptor) Sensory nerve fiber Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle (pressure receptor) Connective tissue cells Sensory nerve fiber Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b, c: © Ed Reschke
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  • 22. Stretch Receptors (a) Muscle spindle Skeletal muscle fiber Golgi tendon organ T endon (b) Sensory nerve fiber Sensory nerve endings Sensory nerve fiber Connective tissue sheath Intrafusal fiber Skeletal muscle fiber Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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  • 24. Summary of Receptors of the General Senses
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  • 27. Olfactory Receptors Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nasal cavity Cilia (b) (a) Cribriform plate Olfactory area of nasal cavity Superior nasal concha Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Nerve fibers within the olfactory bulb Olfactory receptor cells Columnar epithelial cells Cribriform plate
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  • 32. Taste Receptors Papillae (a) (b) Connective tissue Sensory nerve fibers Epithelium of tongue Supporting cell Taste pore Taste hair Taste cell Taste buds Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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  • 44. Animation: Effect of Sound Waves on Cochlear Structures Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 45. 12.4 Clinical Application Getting a Cochlear Implant
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  • 47. Organ of Corti Cochlear duct Scala tympani Hair cells (a) (b) Basilar membrane Tectorial membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited
  • 48. Auditory Nerve Pathways Midbrain Pons Thalamus Auditory cortex (temporal lobe) Medial geniculate body of thalamus Superior olivary nucleus Medulla oblongata Vestibulocochlear nerve Cochlear nuclei Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 50. Summary of the Generation of Sensory Impulses from the Ear
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  • 55. Crista Ampullaris Hair cell Supporting cells Sensory nerve fibers Hairs Cupula Crista ampullaris (a) Head in still position (b) Head rotating Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) Crista ampullaris Semicircular canal Endolymph Ampulla Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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  • 78. Rods and Cones Cones Rods Rod Cone (c) Many sensory nerve fibers (b) Single sensory nerve fiber (a) Retinal pigment epithelium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. c: © Frank S. Werblin, PhD.
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  • 81. Rod Cells Mitochondria Nucleus Rod cell Discs of membrane within cell Synaptic ending Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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  • 83. Visual Nerve Pathway Optic tract Eye Fibers from nasal (medial) half of each retina crossing over Visual cortex of occipital lobe Lateral geniculate body of thalamus Optic chiasma Optic nerve Optic radiations Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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  • 87. Quiz 12 Complete Quiz 12 now! Read Chapter 13.