The document provides details about the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe. It describes the founding and role of Constantinople as the capital of the Byzantine Empire. It then discusses important figures like Justinian who commissioned constructions like the Hagia Sophia. The document also outlines the rise of Russia through the Kievan Rus period and the impacts of the Mongol invasion, with Moscow emerging as a new center.
1. Chapter 9
Civilization in
Eastern Europe
Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
2. Constantinople
Originally Byzantion, a market town/fishing
village on the Bosporus Strait
Constantine named it Constantinople and
made it the capital of the E. Roman Empire
City kept its name from 340 CE – 1453 CE
Crossroads – access to Anatolia, SW Asia,
SE Europe, etc.
3. The Byzantine Court
Caesaropapism – emperor rules not only as
a secular lord, but also plays prominent role
in ecclesiastical affairs
Heavily jeweled crowns, silk robes of dark,
rich purple (the color reserved for imperial
use)
Latin = language of the court; Greek =
language of the people
4. Justinian (527-565 CE)
“the sleepless emperor”
Theodora
Construction project thoroughly remade
the city
Hagia Sophia – one of world’s greatest
examples of Christian architecture
Gold, silver, gems, precious stones, and
healing pwrs
Justinian Code
Systematic review and improvement of
Roman law
Makes Greek official language
Unsuccessfully tries to expand the empire
9. Belisarius
General employed by Justinian to recapture
the Roman Empire
Gains N Africa and parts of Italy
Want N Africa b/c of its grain production
Can’t maintain Rome against Germanics
Ravenna – home of gorgeous Christian mosaics
Will lose what they gained pretty quickly
10. New external pressures
Focus on defending the eastern empire
What group is about to debut?
They attack 717-718 CE and the Byzantines
have a secret weapon…
11. So cool…
When Muslims tried to invade Byzantium, the Byzantine
forces used a weapon called “Greek fire” – basically
ancient napalm – against the fleets and ground forces
Greek fire even burns as it floats on water – very
hazardous to wooden ships
12. Byzantine empire loses some
landholdings, but still maintains
Managing the
Anatolia, Greece, and Balkans
“Theme” system – imperial province Empire
(theme) under jurisdiction of a
general
Assumes responsibility for
military defense and civil admin.
Enabled quick mobilization
Byzantine empire expands as
each theme’s military can
gradually spread outward
Basil the Bulgar Slayer – blinded
15,000
The blind leading the
blind….ha ha….
Supposed sight of the
massacre causes the
Bulgarian king’s death
Helps gain control of the
fiesty Bulgarian kingdom
13. Trade
Crossroads for Eurasia
Commercial links between manufacturers and merchants between
central Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, northern Europe, and lands of
the Black Sea and Mediterranean basin
Bezant – Byzantine gold coin
Very wealthy from control of trade and levying of custom duties
China
India
Persia
Western Europe
Russia and Scandinavia – timber, furs, honey, amber, and slaves
Banks, business partnerships, loans for business ventures
Pool resources and limit risks
14. Iconoclasm
Icons – particularly popular in Byzantine churches
Inspired the popular imagination and encouraged
reverence for holy personages
Emperor Leo believed veneration of religious images
was sinful
726 orders iconoclasm – breaking of icons
Also disagree over
Sacrament of communion
Whether priests should be allowed to marry
Use of local languages in church
16. Thesis Practice
On your own paper respond to the following
prompt:
Compare and contrast the rise and roles of
Constantinople and Mecca
Compare and contrast the split in the
Christian Church and Islam
17. Effects of the Crusades
During 4th Crusade
Constantinople is
attacked
Plundered and burned
Ruled for 50 years
Empire never quite
recovers, Venetian
merchants gain
upperhand
18. Istanbul v. Constantinople
1453 – Ottoman forces http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=Mv-
take over KcF3Rkv8&feature=related
Ancient Christian city is
overturned
Istanbul becomes capital
of Ottoman Empire
Hagia Sophia is turned
into a mosque and turets
are added
19.
20. Arts
Mosaics
Icons
Greek, Roman, Persian, and other Middle
Eastern styles blend together
21. The Rise of Russia
HUGE
Borders both Europe and China, touches the
Baltic Sea and the Pacific Ocean
Is Russia part of Europe or Asia?
Northern forests – poor soil, cold, snowy climate
South – band of fertile land, attracted farmers
(modern day Ukraine)
Southern steppe – open, treeless grassland,
nomadic people, herds and horses
Dnieper and Volga River – major trade routes
22. Kievan Rus’
Slavs expand into southern Russia
Varangians (Russian word for Vikings) – trade
with Slavs, Kiev becomes a midpoint between
Scandinavia and Constantinople
Cyril and Methodius
Missionaries from Constantinople, adapt Greek alphabet
to Slavic language – develops Cyrillic (still used in Ukraine
and Russia)
Byzantine Christianity
Onion domes from Byzantium
23. Kievan Rus’
First ruler – prince Rurik
Russia is coined by the Scandinavians,
could be from Greek word for “red”
Vladimir I (r. 980-1015)– converts to
Christianity on behalf of all his people
Organizes mass baptisms for his subjects, forced
conversions
Russian Orthodox Church soon develops
24. Yaroslav the Wise
1019 – 1054
Improved code of
law
Arranged marriages
between his kids
and the royal
families of Western
Europe
25. Eastern Europe
Roman Catholicism and Latin
alphabet reach Czech and
Hungarian areas
Magyars (Turkic people) take
over Hungary 9th c.
1334 Casimir III the Great – openly
welcomes the Jewish population to
move to Poland
26. Mongol Conquest
A young leader
united the nomadic
Mongols of central
Asia
Overrun lands from
China to Eastern
Europe – dubs
himself “Genghis
Khan” – “world
emperor”
27.
28. The Golden Horde
1236-1241 – Batu, Genghiz’s grandson leads
Mongol armies into Russia
“Golden Horde” because of the color of their tents
Also called Tatars in the Russian tradition
Loot and burn Kiev and many other Russian
towns
“no eye remained to weep for the dead”
Rule from a capital on the Volga for the next 240
years
***This is Russia’s dormant/stagnant period***
29. 240 Years of Mongol Rule
Women become especially subservient to their
husbands. (Husbands can even sell their wives
into slavery to pay family debts)
Absolute power Mongols have will serve as an
inspiration for Russian rulers later on
Mongols severed Russian ties to Western
Europe at a time when Europeans were making
rapid advances in the arts and sciences
30. Moscow
Steadily becomes a
political and spiritual
center
Princes in Moscow
slowly gain pwr
against Mongols
Became the capital
of the Russian
Orthodox Church
31. Ivan the Great
Ivan III – 1462-1505
Brought much of N. Russia under his rule
Built the framework for absolute rule
Worked to limit the boyars powers
Boyars – Russian, land-owning nobles
Adopted the rituals of the fallen empire’s traditions to
emphasize Russia’s role as the heir to Byzantine power
Double-headed eagle symbol
Titles himself Czar (Russian for caesar)
“the czar is in nature like all men, but in authority he
is like the highest God”
Notas do Editor
Theodora – circus trainer’s daughter – actress and prostitute. Strong willed and intelligent, gave Justinian much guidance, convinced him to squash a revolt against him and then encouraged him to campaign to recapture the West.