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HISTORY
                         OF
INTERIOR DESIGN - I

                                                           1



Ar. S.H.R.Jawahar Benazir
School of Architecture & Interior Design, SRM University
EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD
• PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTINGS
• PRIMITIVE DESIGNS
   INTERIORS DURING EGYPTIAN PERIOD
   INTERIORS DURING GREEK PERIOD
   INTERIORS DURING ROMAN PERIOD
   INTERIORS DURING GOTHIC PERIOD
   EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD
   RENAISSANCE PERIOD                   2




        History of Interior Design - I
PREHISTORIC

          CAVE

   PAINTINGS
                                 3




History of Interior Design - I
ICE AGE – STONE AGE
•   Earliest upright human beings came into existence 4.4 million years ago.
•   Homo sapiens (“wise humans”) appeared about 200,000 years ago.
•   Earliest humans from Africa.
•   As the Ice Age glaciers receded, humans spread across Asia, into Europe, and
    finally to Australia and the Americas

                             PRE-HISTORIC PERIODS
• Paleolithic - (35,000 – 8,000 BCE) Old Stone Age - Paleo = old / Lithic = stone
• Mesolithic - (8,000 – 4,000 BCE) Old Stone Age - Meso = middle / Lithic = stone
• Neolithic - (6,000 – 1500 BCE) New Stone Age          Neo = new / Lithic = stone
• Bronze Age - (2300 - 1000 BCE) Bronze - alloy metal made from tin and copper.       4


• Iron Age - (1000 BCE - ) Iron – cutting tools and weapons made from iron or steel

                         Pre-historic Cave Paintings
C AVE P AI N T I N G S
• Cave paintings are paintings on cave walls
  and ceilings, and the term is used especially
  for those dating to prehistoric times.
• The earliest European cave paintings date to
  Aurignacian, some 32,000 years ago.
• The purpose of the Paleolithic cave
  paintings is not known.
• The evidence suggests that they were not
  merely decorations of living areas, since the
  caves in which they have been found do not
  have signs of ongoing habitation.
• Also, they are often in areas of caves that
  are not easily accessed.
• Some theories hold that they may have been                5
  a way of communicating with others, while
  other theories ascribe them a religious or
  ceremonial purpose.
                              Pre-historic Cave Paintings
Well known cave paintings include those of:
• Grotte de Cussac, France
• Lascaux, France
• La Marche, in Lussac-les-Châteaux, France
• Chauvet Cave, near Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France
• Cave of Niaux, France
                                                                 Lascaux.-Room of the Bulls.
• Cave of Altamira, near Santillana del Mar, Cantabria, Spain
• Cueva de La Pasiega, Cuevas de El Castillo, Cantabria, Spain
• Cosquer Cave, Marseille, France
• Font-de-Gaume, in the Dordogne Valley in France .



                                                                    Cosquer cave paintings


                                                                           Chauvet Cave        6

                                                                           paintings

 Font de Gaume Cave Paintings
                                Pre-historic Cave Paintings
AGE
• Nearly 350 caves have now been
  discovered in France and Spain that
  contain art from prehistoric times.
• The oldest known cave art is that of
  Chauvet in France, the paintings of
  which may be 32,000 years old and
  date back to 30,000 BCE (Upper
  Paleolithic).
• Other examples may date as late as
  the Early Bronze Age, but the well
  known prolific and sophisticated style
  from Lascaux and Altamira died out
  about 10,000 years ago, coinciding
  with the advent of the Neolithic period.
• Some caves continued to be painted in                      7

  for a long time.


                               Pre-historic Cave Paintings
THE MES
• The most common themes in cave paintings are large
  wild animals, such as bison, horses, aurochs, and deer,
  and tracings of human hands as well as abstract
  patterns, called finger flutings.
• Drawings of humans were rare and are usually
  schematic rather than the more naturalistic animal
  subjects.                                                 spotted hyena painting found in
• One explanation for this may be that realistically        the Chauvet Cave
  painting the human form was "forbidden by a powerful
  religious taboo.”
• Cave art may have begun in the Aurignacian period
  (Hohle Fels, Germany), but reached its apogee in the
  late Magdalenian (Lascaux, France).
• Many of the paintings were drawn with red and yellow
  ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal.                                              8
• Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was incised in
  the rock first.                                           Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for
                                                            Cave of the Hands)in Argentina
                              Pre-historic Cave Paintings
CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTIMIRA, SPAIN
• These were painted by the Magdalenian people
  between 16,000-9,000 BC. This would have been
  11,000-19,000 years ago.
• These paintings at Altimira are mainly of the bison.
• Many of the bison are drawn and then painted using
  the boulders for the animal’s shoulders. This made
  them look three-dimensional.
• These paintings are sometimes called “The Sistine
  Chapel of Paleolithic Art”.




                                                              9




                                Pre-historic Cave Paintings
LASCAUX, FRANCE
• Known as "the prehistoric Sistine Chapel," the Lascaux
  Caves, a cave complex in southwestern France, contain
  some of the most remarkable paleolithic cave paintings in
  the world, from at least 15,000 years ago.


                      • There are seven chambers in the Lascaux cave; the Great Hall of the Bulls,
                        the Painted Gallery, the Lateral Passage, the Chamber of Engravings, the
                        Main Gallery, the Chamber of Felines, and the Shaft of the Dead Man.
                      • The Hall of the Bulls is the most impressive. It is composed of horses, bulls,
                        and stags. Some of the animals have been painted over, suggesting that
                        different groups of people might have lived in this same cave.

• The painting in the Shaft of the Dead Man is unusual                                                   10
  because the human figure is not normally drawn.
• This scene shows the image of a man that appears
  to have been killed by the bison.
                              Pre-historic Cave Paintings
CAVE PAINTINGS CHAUVET-PONT-D'ARC
• Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in the South of France is
  the newest cave painting to be discovered.
• There is a menagerie of animals on the walls of
  these caves.
• Many of the animals like the ones in Lascaux were
  painted over each other. The oldest were probably
  painted around 30,000 BC, making them about
  32000 years old.
• It appears to have been occupied by humans during
  two distinct periods: the Aurignacian and the
  Gravettian. Most of the artwork dates to the earlier,
  Aurignacian, era (30,000 to 32,000 years ago). The
  later Gravettian occupation, which occurred 25,000
  to 27,000 years ago,
• The cave was probably occupied for nearly 10,000             11

  years.
• It is thought that a violent collapse blocked the
  natural entrance.
                               Pre-historic Cave Paintings
THEORIES ABOUT THE CAVE PAINTINGS
• Humans had not learned to write during the prehistoric time period. They communicated through
  cave paintings.
• Why did man find a need to paint on the walls of the caves? We know that most of the paintings
  were of animals.
• However, there are a few paintings that have human figures either in etchings or in a painting,
  like the scene in Lascaux of the Dead Man.
• The face of the dead man is represented by a bird’s face, but it is the body of a human. Perhaps
  they did not want to portray a human face, thinking that it might take the soul.
• There are three theories that the prehistoric man might have painted animals on the walls of the
  caves.
• Perhaps the cave man wanted to decorate the cave and chose animals because they were
  important to their existence.
• The second theory could have been that they considered this magic to help the hunters. Perhaps
  if the artist could capture the image of the animal, they could capture the animal in a hunt.
• Prehistoric man could have used the painting of animals on the walls of caves to document their    12

  hunting expeditions.
METHODS OF PAINTING
• Prehistoric people would have used natural
  objects to paint the walls of the caves.
• To etch into the rock, they could have used
  sharp tools or a spear.
• The paint or color that they probably used
  was from berries, clay, soot, or charcoal.
• The tools used to apply the paint could
  have been made by attaching straw,
  leaves, moss, or hair to sticks.
• They might have used hollow bones or
  reeds to spray the color on, similar to an
  airbrush technique.

                                One of the bisons on the          These portraits of
                                ceiling of Altamira in Spain,     humans          are   13
                                representing the final stage of   engravings on stone
                                polychrome art in which four      slabs at La Marche,
                                shades of colour are used.        Vienne, France,
                             Pre-historic Cave Paintings
INTERIORS

       DURING

EGYPTIAN PERIOD
                                   14




  History of Interior Design - I
Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions:
                Upper and Lower Egypt
Note :
                                                 Lower (northern) Egypt
Upper Egypt is the
                                                 consisted of the Nile River's
Oldest Part Of Egypt
                                                 delta made by the river as
                                                 it empties into the
Upper Egypt was                                  Mediterranean.
the long, narrow
strip of ancient
Egypt located south                              For much of Egypt‘s history
of the Delta.                                    Lower Egypt (lower) was
                                                 thinly settled
                                                                                 15




                        Egyptian Period
Hieroglyphs -
                  Ancient Egyptian Writing




                                        16




Egyptian Period
•In Predynastic times, Egypt was divided geographically and politically into
     Upper Egypt (the southern, upstream part of the Nile Valley), which was
     dry, rocky, and culturally rustic, and
     Lower (northern) Egypt, which was opulent, urban, and populous.
•Probably because of its relative impermanence, painting was little used as a
medium of representation; it appears to have served principally as accessory
to sculpture. A rare example is the painting of geese from a tomb at Meidum.

The Early Dynastic Period saw the:

 •   Formation of cultural identity
 •   Stone Artifacts
 •   Mud minor arts - pottery, vases and bowls
 •   Brick architecture.                                                        17




                         Egyptian Period
• The ancient Egyptians formed the first of the great classical civilizations.

• While most of Europe was still in the Stone Age, the Egyptians were building
  palaces, studying mathematics and writing on papyrus.

• They were great builders and great artists, drawing the inspiration for their art
  from nature.

• A complex social and religious structure was in place.

• The Egyptians kept books of accounts and recorded history; their children
  played with carved wooden toys with moving parts.

• The presence of stools, chests, footrests, small cabinets, small tables, and        18

  even vase stands, points to a fairly high level of organisation in living
  arrangements.
                            Egyptian Period
MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORLD
• Quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building
  of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; made bricks.
• Irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques; harnessed animals
  for work.
• The first known ships; used sails on the water.
• Used wheels on land.
• Trained donkeys to carry people.
• Combined copper and tin to make bronze; forged tools from copper.
• Developed hieroglyphics.
• The greatest architectural achievements of the Ancient Egyptians were the
  pyramids.
• A system of mathematics
• A practical and effective system of medicine                                     19

• Egyptian faience and glass technology
• new forms of literature.
                          Egyptian Period
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART FORMS

 1. Architecture - The style
    developed during the Pre-
    dynastic period remained
    unchanged for 2000 years
 2. Crafts & Sculpture - Symbolic
    elements were widely used and
    strict laws were applied
 3. Paintings - The pictures found in
    Egyptian tombs were connected
    with the idea of afterlife.
                                                                                 20

The themes of Egyptian painting included protective Gods of the underworld and
man’s voyage through life after death.
                          Egyptian Period
THEMES OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART
• Religion is its prime theme.
• The art of carving reached its first peak in 2600 B.C - Egyptian Art includes a
  range of art forms like stone carving of large and small statues and wall art.
• Egyptian figures (human forms) tend to possess a certain regal presence which
  glorifies the ruling case.
• Characterized by perfect observation and representation of life forms and
  symbolism (esp. the use of symbols for Gods and Goddesses) with less weight age
  to beautification.
• An important reason for the emphasis on vivid depiction of life forms is the
  Egyptian belief in life after death and their expectation that the dead would bank on
  their art for company in the “other world”.
• Mortar was not used.                                                                    21
• Work was planned such that the stones - made of sun-dried and kiln baked bricks,
  granite, limestone or fine sandstone – fit exactly into one another like a jigsaw.

                            Egyptian Period
Watercolor copy of a wall painting from tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis, Egypt
ca. 3500-3200 BCE | Paint on plaster, approx. 16' 3 long.




• Found along the oldest tomb’s plaster walls;
• Contains presumed religious scenes and images that include figures from            22
  Egyptian culture – like a Funerary scene ; (possibly) a goddess standing between
  two upright lionesses; wheel of various horned quadrupeds; Asses or zebras,
  ostriches, lionesses and cattle.
                           Egyptian Period
ST AT UE S F OR E T E R NIT Y
• In Egyptian tombs
  statues fulfilled an
  important function.
• Sculptures      created
  images of the deceased
  to serve as abodes for
  the ka should the
  mummies be destroyed.
• The primary material
  for funerary objects
  was stone.
                                       Khafre from Gizeh, Egypt   23

                                       ca. 2,520-2,494 B.C.E.
                                       Approx. 66 in. high
                            Egyptian Period
Goats Treading Seed and Cattle Fording a Canal - Saqqara, Egypt -
Mastaba of Ti - ca. 2450-2350 B.C.E. | painted limestone            24




                     Egyptian Period
Queen Nefertiti's tomb




                                       Hieroglyphs often
                                       decorated     the
                                       tombs          of
                                       important ancient
                                       Egyptians.
                                       Hieroglyphs and a
                                       picture of her
                                       playing chess
                                                           25




                     Egyptian Period
26




Egyptian Period
27




Egyptian Period
ANC IE NT E G Y P T IAN AR T
• Ancient Egyptian art refers to the style of painting, sculpture, crafts and
  architecture developed by the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BC to
  300 BC.
• Ancient Egyptian art as expressed in painting and sculpture was both highly
  stylized and symbolic.
• Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments and thus there is an
  emphasis on life after death and the preservation of knowledge of the past .

                                  AR T ST Y L E
• Because of the highly religious nature of ancient Egyptian civilization, many of
  the works of ancient Egypt depict gods, goddesses, and pharaohs, who were
  also considered divine.
• Ancient Egyptian art is characterized by the idea of order.                           28

• Clear and simple lines combined with simple shapes and flat areas of color helped
  to create a sense of order and balance in the art of ancient Egypt.
• Ancient Egyptian artists used vertical and horizontal reference lines in order to
  maintain the correct proportions in their work.
• Political & religious, as well as artistic order, was also maintained in Egyptian art.
                                   SY M B OL ISM
• Symbolism also played an important role in establishing a sense of order.
• Symbolism, ranging from the pharaoh's regalia (symbolizing his power to maintain
  order) to the individual symbols of Egyptian gods and goddesses, is omnipresent in
  Egyptian art.
• Animals: Animals were usually also highly symbolic figures in Egyptian art.
• Colors: Colors were more expressive rather than natural: red skin implied
  vigorous tanned youth, whereas yellow skin was used for women or middle-aged
  men who worked indoors
• Blue or gold indicated divinity because of its unnatural appearance and association      29
  with precious materials
• The use of black for royal figures expressed the fertility of the Nile from which
  Egypt was born.
                             Egyptian Period
SC UL P T UR E




• Painted relief sculpture lined the walls of
  pyramids.
• This is called a stele -A stele is a carved   This stele shows Ramses II   30

  upright stone slab used as a monument.        slaying his enemies.


                              Egyptian Period
P AINT IN G
• Ancient Egyptians followed a
  very strict set of rules in their
  art. One of these rules was to
  show the human body from the
  most familiar or visible angle.
• Again, the figures appear to be
  rigid and stylized. (the left foot
  and body posture.)
• Artists used materials found in
  the Nile river valley, namely –
  Gold, Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli, Red           31

  coral, Glass

                             Egyptian Period
Paintings tell us about the
daily lives of the ancient
Egyptians. The gods are
often depicted in the tomb
paintings




                                           32




                         Egyptian Period
C R AF T S
Craftsmen made
furniture, jewelry,
pottery etc.,




                      33




   Egyptian Period
P OT T E R Y
• Ancient Egyptians used carved small pieces of vases and
  several other objects.
• They also discovered the art of covering pottery with enamel.
• Different types of pottery items were deposited in burial
  chambers of the dead.
C ANOP IC J AR S
 1070-712 B.C.-Egyptian, Dynasty 21-22
 Limestone - height 48.3 cm (17 1/2-19 in.)
 Their internal organs were separately treated
  and, during much of Egyptian history, placed in
  jars of clay or stone.
 These so-called Canopic Jars were closed with stoppers fashioned in the shape   34

  of four heads - human, baboon, falcon, and jackal - representing the four
  protective spirits called the Four Sons of Horus.
                           Egyptian Period
OL D K ING D OM F UR NIT UR E
Furniture from this period was divided into two groups:
• Platform pieces such as benches, chairs, tables, beds, couches, and stools;, and
  boxes such as chests and cupboards.
• There was some surface ornamentation in the form of gilding and carving
• Old Kingdom furniture relied on shape, line, proportion, and texture for its
  decorative effect.
• Thrones and chairs featured carved lion-paw feet, beds were decorated with
  animal skins and colorful mats,.
• There were stools, chests, footrests, small cabinets, small tables, and even vase
  stands.
• Four legged stools with animal shaped legs and sturdy square seats made from
  concave wood or woven or braided rushes were important items of the time.
• In the second half of the Old Kingdom, chairs with arms and backs began             35
  appearing..
• Egyptian furniture designs of this age incorporated metal work and inlay, as well
  as relief carving, and gilding.
                          Egyptian Period
M ID D L E K ING D OM F UR NIT UR E
• The Middle Kingdom was further development of earlier trends, with a marked
  sophistication evident. Decorative effects such as inlay, paint, gilt, and veneer
  became prominent. Popular design motifs included figures of sacred animals
  such as cow heads, lion heads, and hippopotamuses.

                       NE W K ING D OM F UR NIT UR E
• The furniture produced during this period is on a luxurious scale, and is also
  evidence of greater woodworking skill.
• In wealthy Egyptian homes chairs appear in greater abundance.
• Folding stools were richly painted in bright colors.
• Small, low tables were often woven from rush.
                                                                                      36




                          Egyptian Period
FUR NIT UR E
• PATRICIAN -Only the royal and wealthy
  people used furniture.
• RANGE - stools, chairs ,tables , beds
  and chests
• VISUAL IMPACT-Highly decorative with
  graphic elements
• SYMBOLIC PRESENTATION - Used
  symbols especially ceremonial as
  inlays or painting on the furniture
• MATERIAL - Ebony wood was mostly
  used , it was imported at great          37
  expense.
• TECHNICAL- Excellent craftsmanship
  and used plain butt joint
                         Egyptian Period
ST OOL S
• Stools were the most common items
  of furniture in Egyptian homes
• It was the Egyptians who invented the
  folding stool.
• Since these were much used by army
  commanders in the field, they became
  a status symbol, and were often
  heavily carved and decorated.
• Stools commonly had woven rush
  seats.

                                             38




                           Egyptian Period
C HAIR S
• Gold sheathing, ivory inlays, intricate marquetry, inset jewels
  and fine stones were used to decorate ancient furniture that
  was often carved to represent animal forms.
• Chairs sometimes had feet in the shape of lion's paws or
  crocodile feet; legs and feet were sometimes carved to
  simulate the legs of a gazelle.
                                • High backed chairs
                                  are seen in many
                                  paintings. These were
                                  supplemented with
                                  cushions for comfort.
                                • commonly
                                                                    39
                                  incorporated carvings
                                  of flowers, animals or
                                  birds.
                             Egyptian Period
40
                  Golden Throne, Tomb
                  of Tutankhamun,
                  18th dynasty

Egyptian Period
41



Leg of a stool            Leg of a chest or chair
                 Egyptian Period
B E D S, HE AD R E ST S
 • They are among the most fascinating of furniture items
   because of their structure.
 • They were gently inclined so that the sleeper's head was
   elevated, and had a footrest.
• A footboard ensured that the sleeper would
  not slip off in the middle of the night.
• Almost all beds featured legs in the form of
  animal legs, ranging from heavy bull’s legs
  to gazelle-like forms with hooves, and the
  feline type with paw and claw, frequently
  identified as lion’s legs.“
• The mattress was usually made of wooden                     42
  slats, plaited string, or reeds, which then
  held woolen cushions or some other soft
  material. Sheets were made of linen.
                           Egyptian Period
T AB L E S
• Tables were also an important item of
  Egyptian furniture.
• They were used for eating, writing and playing
  games.
• They were usually low and easily moveable.
• In many cases, the tops were decorated with
  marquetry or with inlaid ivory.
• Carved legs, gold sheathing and ivory inlays
  were used to decorate table legs.



                                                   43




                           Egyptian Period
C HE ST S, B OX E S & C AB INE T S
• Chests, boxes and cabinets formed an important part
  of Egyptian bedroom furnishings.
• These were highly decorated and were designed for
  many different purposes: large chests for storing
  household items and linen,
• small compartmentalized ones for storing cosmetics,
  and miniature chests with sliding lids and drawers
  made to hold jewelry.



                                                        44




                         Egyptian Period
M AT E R IAL S USE D
There were different types of materials used in EGYPT namely,
• COPPER: Until the New Kingdom most of the copper used in Egypt was seemingly
  mined in the eastern desert or Sinai.
• GOLD: Egypt was richer in gold than any other country of the region.
• ELECTRUM: Electrum is a gold-silver alloy which occurred naturally. It had a silver
  contents somewhat higher than twenty percent.
• SILVER: Egypt had little silver which was not part of gold deposits. Silver was
  imported from western Asia.
• BRONZE: The introduction of bronze was a huge improvement in tool and weapon
  manufacture. Unlike iron which was a difficult material to work with, bronze
  technologies were similar to the techniques improved during the copper age: It
  could be cast, hammered cold, improved its toughness.
                                                                                        45
• IRON: Iron is a very common element and in Egypt iron ores occur in the
  mountainous areas of the eastern desert and Sinai.
• LEAD: Lead was of minor importance. Too soft for making tools or weapons
                           Egyptian Period
• Only the king and people
 CHARACTERISTICS
  with authority had a seat
  to sit others just stood
  around .
• Stools, footstools, chairs
  and couches were more
  common than other
  pieces like tables.
• High couches were used
  for dining and to sleep.
• The chairs were high
  needing a footstool due to
  height of chair                                                                46
• The table and chairs legs combine symbolic feature with realistically carved
   lion paws.
• They had folding stools with a cushion on it .
                          Egyptian Period
E G Y P T IAN HOUSE S
• There was a huge difference in living
  standards between the rich and the
  poor.
• Ancient Egyptian homes of the poor
  consisted of a living room, a
  sleeping room and a kitchen, with
  perhaps one or two cellars for
  storage.
• These were built with sun-dried
  bricks, or reed matting smeared
  with clay .
• The average house consisted of four rooms:
• A front room leading from the street, which   47

  may have been used as a meeting place for
  guests.
                            Egyptian Period
• A living room where the household
  shrine was situated. The family
  would worship their personal gods
  or ancestors here.
• A living space, probably used as a
  sleeping area, with a staircase to
  a flat roof or upper floor.

• A kitchen at the rear of the house, which was open to
  the sky to prevent the room from filling with smoke.
• Cellars underneath the rear rooms were used as
  storage for foodstuffs.
• Houses were small so each room was multi-purpose.
                                                          48




                           Egyptian Period
• The houses of the elite, described as
  mansions, followed a similar layout to
  the small houses, although they
  consisted of a number of small suites
  of rooms joined by interlinking
  corridors. These gave the elite owners
  the privilege of separating the public
  from the private family quarters.
Many mansions also contained
• An audience chamber in which to greet
  visitors.
• An office in which to conduct business.
 A bathroom with built-in shower area and toilet (a horseshoe-shaped wooden seat   49
  over a bowl of sand).
 Some homes had sunken baths open to the sky.

                            Egyptian Period

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Prehistoric & egyptian era

  • 1. HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN - I 1 Ar. S.H.R.Jawahar Benazir School of Architecture & Interior Design, SRM University
  • 2. EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD • PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTINGS • PRIMITIVE DESIGNS  INTERIORS DURING EGYPTIAN PERIOD  INTERIORS DURING GREEK PERIOD  INTERIORS DURING ROMAN PERIOD  INTERIORS DURING GOTHIC PERIOD  EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD  RENAISSANCE PERIOD 2 History of Interior Design - I
  • 3. PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTINGS 3 History of Interior Design - I
  • 4. ICE AGE – STONE AGE • Earliest upright human beings came into existence 4.4 million years ago. • Homo sapiens (“wise humans”) appeared about 200,000 years ago. • Earliest humans from Africa. • As the Ice Age glaciers receded, humans spread across Asia, into Europe, and finally to Australia and the Americas PRE-HISTORIC PERIODS • Paleolithic - (35,000 – 8,000 BCE) Old Stone Age - Paleo = old / Lithic = stone • Mesolithic - (8,000 – 4,000 BCE) Old Stone Age - Meso = middle / Lithic = stone • Neolithic - (6,000 – 1500 BCE) New Stone Age Neo = new / Lithic = stone • Bronze Age - (2300 - 1000 BCE) Bronze - alloy metal made from tin and copper. 4 • Iron Age - (1000 BCE - ) Iron – cutting tools and weapons made from iron or steel Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 5. C AVE P AI N T I N G S • Cave paintings are paintings on cave walls and ceilings, and the term is used especially for those dating to prehistoric times. • The earliest European cave paintings date to Aurignacian, some 32,000 years ago. • The purpose of the Paleolithic cave paintings is not known. • The evidence suggests that they were not merely decorations of living areas, since the caves in which they have been found do not have signs of ongoing habitation. • Also, they are often in areas of caves that are not easily accessed. • Some theories hold that they may have been 5 a way of communicating with others, while other theories ascribe them a religious or ceremonial purpose. Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 6. Well known cave paintings include those of: • Grotte de Cussac, France • Lascaux, France • La Marche, in Lussac-les-Châteaux, France • Chauvet Cave, near Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France • Cave of Niaux, France Lascaux.-Room of the Bulls. • Cave of Altamira, near Santillana del Mar, Cantabria, Spain • Cueva de La Pasiega, Cuevas de El Castillo, Cantabria, Spain • Cosquer Cave, Marseille, France • Font-de-Gaume, in the Dordogne Valley in France . Cosquer cave paintings Chauvet Cave 6 paintings Font de Gaume Cave Paintings Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 7. AGE • Nearly 350 caves have now been discovered in France and Spain that contain art from prehistoric times. • The oldest known cave art is that of Chauvet in France, the paintings of which may be 32,000 years old and date back to 30,000 BCE (Upper Paleolithic). • Other examples may date as late as the Early Bronze Age, but the well known prolific and sophisticated style from Lascaux and Altamira died out about 10,000 years ago, coinciding with the advent of the Neolithic period. • Some caves continued to be painted in 7 for a long time. Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 8. THE MES • The most common themes in cave paintings are large wild animals, such as bison, horses, aurochs, and deer, and tracings of human hands as well as abstract patterns, called finger flutings. • Drawings of humans were rare and are usually schematic rather than the more naturalistic animal subjects. spotted hyena painting found in • One explanation for this may be that realistically the Chauvet Cave painting the human form was "forbidden by a powerful religious taboo.” • Cave art may have begun in the Aurignacian period (Hohle Fels, Germany), but reached its apogee in the late Magdalenian (Lascaux, France). • Many of the paintings were drawn with red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. 8 • Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was incised in the rock first. Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for Cave of the Hands)in Argentina Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 9. CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTIMIRA, SPAIN • These were painted by the Magdalenian people between 16,000-9,000 BC. This would have been 11,000-19,000 years ago. • These paintings at Altimira are mainly of the bison. • Many of the bison are drawn and then painted using the boulders for the animal’s shoulders. This made them look three-dimensional. • These paintings are sometimes called “The Sistine Chapel of Paleolithic Art”. 9 Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 10. LASCAUX, FRANCE • Known as "the prehistoric Sistine Chapel," the Lascaux Caves, a cave complex in southwestern France, contain some of the most remarkable paleolithic cave paintings in the world, from at least 15,000 years ago. • There are seven chambers in the Lascaux cave; the Great Hall of the Bulls, the Painted Gallery, the Lateral Passage, the Chamber of Engravings, the Main Gallery, the Chamber of Felines, and the Shaft of the Dead Man. • The Hall of the Bulls is the most impressive. It is composed of horses, bulls, and stags. Some of the animals have been painted over, suggesting that different groups of people might have lived in this same cave. • The painting in the Shaft of the Dead Man is unusual 10 because the human figure is not normally drawn. • This scene shows the image of a man that appears to have been killed by the bison. Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 11. CAVE PAINTINGS CHAUVET-PONT-D'ARC • Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in the South of France is the newest cave painting to be discovered. • There is a menagerie of animals on the walls of these caves. • Many of the animals like the ones in Lascaux were painted over each other. The oldest were probably painted around 30,000 BC, making them about 32000 years old. • It appears to have been occupied by humans during two distinct periods: the Aurignacian and the Gravettian. Most of the artwork dates to the earlier, Aurignacian, era (30,000 to 32,000 years ago). The later Gravettian occupation, which occurred 25,000 to 27,000 years ago, • The cave was probably occupied for nearly 10,000 11 years. • It is thought that a violent collapse blocked the natural entrance. Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 12. THEORIES ABOUT THE CAVE PAINTINGS • Humans had not learned to write during the prehistoric time period. They communicated through cave paintings. • Why did man find a need to paint on the walls of the caves? We know that most of the paintings were of animals. • However, there are a few paintings that have human figures either in etchings or in a painting, like the scene in Lascaux of the Dead Man. • The face of the dead man is represented by a bird’s face, but it is the body of a human. Perhaps they did not want to portray a human face, thinking that it might take the soul. • There are three theories that the prehistoric man might have painted animals on the walls of the caves. • Perhaps the cave man wanted to decorate the cave and chose animals because they were important to their existence. • The second theory could have been that they considered this magic to help the hunters. Perhaps if the artist could capture the image of the animal, they could capture the animal in a hunt. • Prehistoric man could have used the painting of animals on the walls of caves to document their 12 hunting expeditions.
  • 13. METHODS OF PAINTING • Prehistoric people would have used natural objects to paint the walls of the caves. • To etch into the rock, they could have used sharp tools or a spear. • The paint or color that they probably used was from berries, clay, soot, or charcoal. • The tools used to apply the paint could have been made by attaching straw, leaves, moss, or hair to sticks. • They might have used hollow bones or reeds to spray the color on, similar to an airbrush technique. One of the bisons on the These portraits of ceiling of Altamira in Spain, humans are 13 representing the final stage of engravings on stone polychrome art in which four slabs at La Marche, shades of colour are used. Vienne, France, Pre-historic Cave Paintings
  • 14. INTERIORS DURING EGYPTIAN PERIOD 14 History of Interior Design - I
  • 15. Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions: Upper and Lower Egypt Note : Lower (northern) Egypt Upper Egypt is the consisted of the Nile River's Oldest Part Of Egypt delta made by the river as it empties into the Upper Egypt was Mediterranean. the long, narrow strip of ancient Egypt located south For much of Egypt‘s history of the Delta. Lower Egypt (lower) was thinly settled 15 Egyptian Period
  • 16. Hieroglyphs - Ancient Egyptian Writing 16 Egyptian Period
  • 17. •In Predynastic times, Egypt was divided geographically and politically into Upper Egypt (the southern, upstream part of the Nile Valley), which was dry, rocky, and culturally rustic, and Lower (northern) Egypt, which was opulent, urban, and populous. •Probably because of its relative impermanence, painting was little used as a medium of representation; it appears to have served principally as accessory to sculpture. A rare example is the painting of geese from a tomb at Meidum. The Early Dynastic Period saw the: • Formation of cultural identity • Stone Artifacts • Mud minor arts - pottery, vases and bowls • Brick architecture. 17 Egyptian Period
  • 18. • The ancient Egyptians formed the first of the great classical civilizations. • While most of Europe was still in the Stone Age, the Egyptians were building palaces, studying mathematics and writing on papyrus. • They were great builders and great artists, drawing the inspiration for their art from nature. • A complex social and religious structure was in place. • The Egyptians kept books of accounts and recorded history; their children played with carved wooden toys with moving parts. • The presence of stools, chests, footrests, small cabinets, small tables, and 18 even vase stands, points to a fairly high level of organisation in living arrangements. Egyptian Period
  • 19. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORLD • Quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; made bricks. • Irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques; harnessed animals for work. • The first known ships; used sails on the water. • Used wheels on land. • Trained donkeys to carry people. • Combined copper and tin to make bronze; forged tools from copper. • Developed hieroglyphics. • The greatest architectural achievements of the Ancient Egyptians were the pyramids. • A system of mathematics • A practical and effective system of medicine 19 • Egyptian faience and glass technology • new forms of literature. Egyptian Period
  • 20. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART FORMS 1. Architecture - The style developed during the Pre- dynastic period remained unchanged for 2000 years 2. Crafts & Sculpture - Symbolic elements were widely used and strict laws were applied 3. Paintings - The pictures found in Egyptian tombs were connected with the idea of afterlife. 20 The themes of Egyptian painting included protective Gods of the underworld and man’s voyage through life after death. Egyptian Period
  • 21. THEMES OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART • Religion is its prime theme. • The art of carving reached its first peak in 2600 B.C - Egyptian Art includes a range of art forms like stone carving of large and small statues and wall art. • Egyptian figures (human forms) tend to possess a certain regal presence which glorifies the ruling case. • Characterized by perfect observation and representation of life forms and symbolism (esp. the use of symbols for Gods and Goddesses) with less weight age to beautification. • An important reason for the emphasis on vivid depiction of life forms is the Egyptian belief in life after death and their expectation that the dead would bank on their art for company in the “other world”. • Mortar was not used. 21 • Work was planned such that the stones - made of sun-dried and kiln baked bricks, granite, limestone or fine sandstone – fit exactly into one another like a jigsaw. Egyptian Period
  • 22. Watercolor copy of a wall painting from tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis, Egypt ca. 3500-3200 BCE | Paint on plaster, approx. 16' 3 long. • Found along the oldest tomb’s plaster walls; • Contains presumed religious scenes and images that include figures from 22 Egyptian culture – like a Funerary scene ; (possibly) a goddess standing between two upright lionesses; wheel of various horned quadrupeds; Asses or zebras, ostriches, lionesses and cattle. Egyptian Period
  • 23. ST AT UE S F OR E T E R NIT Y • In Egyptian tombs statues fulfilled an important function. • Sculptures created images of the deceased to serve as abodes for the ka should the mummies be destroyed. • The primary material for funerary objects was stone. Khafre from Gizeh, Egypt 23 ca. 2,520-2,494 B.C.E. Approx. 66 in. high Egyptian Period
  • 24. Goats Treading Seed and Cattle Fording a Canal - Saqqara, Egypt - Mastaba of Ti - ca. 2450-2350 B.C.E. | painted limestone 24 Egyptian Period
  • 25. Queen Nefertiti's tomb Hieroglyphs often decorated the tombs of important ancient Egyptians. Hieroglyphs and a picture of her playing chess 25 Egyptian Period
  • 28. ANC IE NT E G Y P T IAN AR T • Ancient Egyptian art refers to the style of painting, sculpture, crafts and architecture developed by the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BC to 300 BC. • Ancient Egyptian art as expressed in painting and sculpture was both highly stylized and symbolic. • Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments and thus there is an emphasis on life after death and the preservation of knowledge of the past . AR T ST Y L E • Because of the highly religious nature of ancient Egyptian civilization, many of the works of ancient Egypt depict gods, goddesses, and pharaohs, who were also considered divine. • Ancient Egyptian art is characterized by the idea of order. 28 • Clear and simple lines combined with simple shapes and flat areas of color helped to create a sense of order and balance in the art of ancient Egypt.
  • 29. • Ancient Egyptian artists used vertical and horizontal reference lines in order to maintain the correct proportions in their work. • Political & religious, as well as artistic order, was also maintained in Egyptian art. SY M B OL ISM • Symbolism also played an important role in establishing a sense of order. • Symbolism, ranging from the pharaoh's regalia (symbolizing his power to maintain order) to the individual symbols of Egyptian gods and goddesses, is omnipresent in Egyptian art. • Animals: Animals were usually also highly symbolic figures in Egyptian art. • Colors: Colors were more expressive rather than natural: red skin implied vigorous tanned youth, whereas yellow skin was used for women or middle-aged men who worked indoors • Blue or gold indicated divinity because of its unnatural appearance and association 29 with precious materials • The use of black for royal figures expressed the fertility of the Nile from which Egypt was born. Egyptian Period
  • 30. SC UL P T UR E • Painted relief sculpture lined the walls of pyramids. • This is called a stele -A stele is a carved This stele shows Ramses II 30 upright stone slab used as a monument. slaying his enemies. Egyptian Period
  • 31. P AINT IN G • Ancient Egyptians followed a very strict set of rules in their art. One of these rules was to show the human body from the most familiar or visible angle. • Again, the figures appear to be rigid and stylized. (the left foot and body posture.) • Artists used materials found in the Nile river valley, namely – Gold, Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli, Red 31 coral, Glass Egyptian Period
  • 32. Paintings tell us about the daily lives of the ancient Egyptians. The gods are often depicted in the tomb paintings 32 Egyptian Period
  • 33. C R AF T S Craftsmen made furniture, jewelry, pottery etc., 33 Egyptian Period
  • 34. P OT T E R Y • Ancient Egyptians used carved small pieces of vases and several other objects. • They also discovered the art of covering pottery with enamel. • Different types of pottery items were deposited in burial chambers of the dead. C ANOP IC J AR S  1070-712 B.C.-Egyptian, Dynasty 21-22  Limestone - height 48.3 cm (17 1/2-19 in.)  Their internal organs were separately treated and, during much of Egyptian history, placed in jars of clay or stone.  These so-called Canopic Jars were closed with stoppers fashioned in the shape 34 of four heads - human, baboon, falcon, and jackal - representing the four protective spirits called the Four Sons of Horus. Egyptian Period
  • 35. OL D K ING D OM F UR NIT UR E Furniture from this period was divided into two groups: • Platform pieces such as benches, chairs, tables, beds, couches, and stools;, and boxes such as chests and cupboards. • There was some surface ornamentation in the form of gilding and carving • Old Kingdom furniture relied on shape, line, proportion, and texture for its decorative effect. • Thrones and chairs featured carved lion-paw feet, beds were decorated with animal skins and colorful mats,. • There were stools, chests, footrests, small cabinets, small tables, and even vase stands. • Four legged stools with animal shaped legs and sturdy square seats made from concave wood or woven or braided rushes were important items of the time. • In the second half of the Old Kingdom, chairs with arms and backs began 35 appearing.. • Egyptian furniture designs of this age incorporated metal work and inlay, as well as relief carving, and gilding. Egyptian Period
  • 36. M ID D L E K ING D OM F UR NIT UR E • The Middle Kingdom was further development of earlier trends, with a marked sophistication evident. Decorative effects such as inlay, paint, gilt, and veneer became prominent. Popular design motifs included figures of sacred animals such as cow heads, lion heads, and hippopotamuses. NE W K ING D OM F UR NIT UR E • The furniture produced during this period is on a luxurious scale, and is also evidence of greater woodworking skill. • In wealthy Egyptian homes chairs appear in greater abundance. • Folding stools were richly painted in bright colors. • Small, low tables were often woven from rush. 36 Egyptian Period
  • 37. FUR NIT UR E • PATRICIAN -Only the royal and wealthy people used furniture. • RANGE - stools, chairs ,tables , beds and chests • VISUAL IMPACT-Highly decorative with graphic elements • SYMBOLIC PRESENTATION - Used symbols especially ceremonial as inlays or painting on the furniture • MATERIAL - Ebony wood was mostly used , it was imported at great 37 expense. • TECHNICAL- Excellent craftsmanship and used plain butt joint Egyptian Period
  • 38. ST OOL S • Stools were the most common items of furniture in Egyptian homes • It was the Egyptians who invented the folding stool. • Since these were much used by army commanders in the field, they became a status symbol, and were often heavily carved and decorated. • Stools commonly had woven rush seats. 38 Egyptian Period
  • 39. C HAIR S • Gold sheathing, ivory inlays, intricate marquetry, inset jewels and fine stones were used to decorate ancient furniture that was often carved to represent animal forms. • Chairs sometimes had feet in the shape of lion's paws or crocodile feet; legs and feet were sometimes carved to simulate the legs of a gazelle. • High backed chairs are seen in many paintings. These were supplemented with cushions for comfort. • commonly 39 incorporated carvings of flowers, animals or birds. Egyptian Period
  • 40. 40 Golden Throne, Tomb of Tutankhamun, 18th dynasty Egyptian Period
  • 41. 41 Leg of a stool Leg of a chest or chair Egyptian Period
  • 42. B E D S, HE AD R E ST S • They are among the most fascinating of furniture items because of their structure. • They were gently inclined so that the sleeper's head was elevated, and had a footrest. • A footboard ensured that the sleeper would not slip off in the middle of the night. • Almost all beds featured legs in the form of animal legs, ranging from heavy bull’s legs to gazelle-like forms with hooves, and the feline type with paw and claw, frequently identified as lion’s legs.“ • The mattress was usually made of wooden 42 slats, plaited string, or reeds, which then held woolen cushions or some other soft material. Sheets were made of linen. Egyptian Period
  • 43. T AB L E S • Tables were also an important item of Egyptian furniture. • They were used for eating, writing and playing games. • They were usually low and easily moveable. • In many cases, the tops were decorated with marquetry or with inlaid ivory. • Carved legs, gold sheathing and ivory inlays were used to decorate table legs. 43 Egyptian Period
  • 44. C HE ST S, B OX E S & C AB INE T S • Chests, boxes and cabinets formed an important part of Egyptian bedroom furnishings. • These were highly decorated and were designed for many different purposes: large chests for storing household items and linen, • small compartmentalized ones for storing cosmetics, and miniature chests with sliding lids and drawers made to hold jewelry. 44 Egyptian Period
  • 45. M AT E R IAL S USE D There were different types of materials used in EGYPT namely, • COPPER: Until the New Kingdom most of the copper used in Egypt was seemingly mined in the eastern desert or Sinai. • GOLD: Egypt was richer in gold than any other country of the region. • ELECTRUM: Electrum is a gold-silver alloy which occurred naturally. It had a silver contents somewhat higher than twenty percent. • SILVER: Egypt had little silver which was not part of gold deposits. Silver was imported from western Asia. • BRONZE: The introduction of bronze was a huge improvement in tool and weapon manufacture. Unlike iron which was a difficult material to work with, bronze technologies were similar to the techniques improved during the copper age: It could be cast, hammered cold, improved its toughness. 45 • IRON: Iron is a very common element and in Egypt iron ores occur in the mountainous areas of the eastern desert and Sinai. • LEAD: Lead was of minor importance. Too soft for making tools or weapons Egyptian Period
  • 46. • Only the king and people CHARACTERISTICS with authority had a seat to sit others just stood around . • Stools, footstools, chairs and couches were more common than other pieces like tables. • High couches were used for dining and to sleep. • The chairs were high needing a footstool due to height of chair 46 • The table and chairs legs combine symbolic feature with realistically carved lion paws. • They had folding stools with a cushion on it . Egyptian Period
  • 47. E G Y P T IAN HOUSE S • There was a huge difference in living standards between the rich and the poor. • Ancient Egyptian homes of the poor consisted of a living room, a sleeping room and a kitchen, with perhaps one or two cellars for storage. • These were built with sun-dried bricks, or reed matting smeared with clay . • The average house consisted of four rooms: • A front room leading from the street, which 47 may have been used as a meeting place for guests. Egyptian Period
  • 48. • A living room where the household shrine was situated. The family would worship their personal gods or ancestors here. • A living space, probably used as a sleeping area, with a staircase to a flat roof or upper floor. • A kitchen at the rear of the house, which was open to the sky to prevent the room from filling with smoke. • Cellars underneath the rear rooms were used as storage for foodstuffs. • Houses were small so each room was multi-purpose. 48 Egyptian Period
  • 49. • The houses of the elite, described as mansions, followed a similar layout to the small houses, although they consisted of a number of small suites of rooms joined by interlinking corridors. These gave the elite owners the privilege of separating the public from the private family quarters. Many mansions also contained • An audience chamber in which to greet visitors. • An office in which to conduct business.  A bathroom with built-in shower area and toilet (a horseshoe-shaped wooden seat 49 over a bowl of sand).  Some homes had sunken baths open to the sky. Egyptian Period