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Central Heating
Types of central-heating system
• As with cold and hot water systems there are many
  different types of central heating system out in the
  workplace.
• Some which could be decades old still working but in
  need of either refurbishment or maintenance
• Some systems need to be extended or have controls
  added to make them compliant with the latest Building
  Regulations
• Like TRV (Thermostatic Radiator Valves), mid position
  valves, programmers, cylinder and room thermostats
  for total control of heat and efficiency
The one pipe system
One pipe system
Central heating level 3
Two pipe system semi gravity
• This was a popular choice of system particularly in the
  1970s. It is no longer permitted on new properties
  (other than with solid-fuel boilers) without additional
  controls being installed.
• Nor do they meet the requirements of the Building
  Regulations for extension or boiler replacements to
  existing oil- or gas-fired systems.
• In a two-pipe system, water is pumped around both
  the circuit and the radiators.
• This improves the speed with which radiators heat up.
  The system can easily be balanced by adjusting the lock
  shield valve on each radiator.
Building Regulations and central-heating

• The Building Regulations 2000 deals with the
  conservation of fuel and power
• Approved Document L1: Conservation of fuel and
  power.
• This document sets out the requirements for all
  central heating installations in domestic dwellings
Fully pumped systems Y - plan
Fully pumped systems
• In this system, the hot water and the heating
  circuits are operated completely by the pump.
• Installations are controlled by motorised
  valves.
• There are a number of system designs
  incorporating two-port zone valves or three-
  port valves (two-position and mid-position)
  that meet the requirements of the Building
  Regulations Approved Document L1.
S-plan ( zone valves )
Feed and expansion cistern
• As you have seen from the diagrams in this chapter, the
  feed and expansion (F&E) cistern is used on all open-
  vented central-heating systems.
• While the cistern allows the system to be filled up, its
  main purpose is to allow water in the system to
  expand. The water level should therefore be set low in
  the cistern when filling the system.
• The cold feed to the system in an average domestic
  property is usually 15 mm minimum, and this pipe
  should not include any valves.
• This is to ensure that, in the event of overheating,
  there is a constant supply of cooler water to the system
  to prevent the dangerous condition of boiling.
• The servicing valve to the system should be located on
  the cold-water inlet pipework to the cistern
Feed & Expansion cisterns

• The F&E cistern is
  located at the highest
  point in the
  system, and it must
  not be affected by the
  position and head of
  the circulating pump
Pump positions
Primary open safety vent

• In a fully pumped
  system, this should
  usually rise to a
  minimum height of 450
  mm above the water
  level in the F&E cistern
  to allow for any
  pressure-surge effects
  created by the pump
Air separators
• The purpose of the air
  separator is to enable the
  cold feed and vent pipe to
  be joined closely together
  into a correct layout to
  serve the system.
• The grouping of the
  connections causes
  turbulence of water flow in
  the separator, which in turn
  removes air from the
  system.
• This reduces noise in the
  system and lowers the risk
  of corrosion
• Here is a common
  picture of a air
  separator
• The connections are
  normally
• to cold feed
• to vent pipe
• to boiler flow
Heat emitters
• Just another name for a
  radiator, well no there
  are many different heat
  emitters from fan
  assisted to your standard
  panel radiator here are
  just a few

• Kick space or plinth type
• The standard panel
  radiator which
  depending on
  manufacturer can have
  several different
  features as to sizing and
  shape
Some of the different types of radiator
• A traditional type
  towel rail with inset
  column radiator
• The radiator supplies
  a small amount of
  heat while the rail
  dries the towels
Modern type towel heaters
• A modern type towel
  may look decorative,
  but some rails are there
  only to dry towels.
• They hardly throw any
  background heat into
  the room, but are quite
  popular
How to fit them
• The standard radiator is
  fitted approx 150mm to
  175mm from the floor,
  this is to allow for air
  flow around the
  radiator.
• However if required
  because of high
  skirting's or other
  obstacles they can be
  fitted higher
Radiator brackets
• A number of brackets and
  fixing
• styles are available, and are
  usually provided with the
  radiator.
• The bracket shown has
  deep hanging slots and
  corresponding lug positions.
• These provide greater
  stability. Plastic inserts are
  used to seat the radiator
  precisely and help to
  minimise expansion and
  contraction noises
Radiator valves
• There is a wide selection
  of valves available from
  manufacturers.
• Building Regulations
  require thermostatic
  radiator valves (TRVs) to
  be installed on new
  systems or for there to be
  some other means of
  controlling an individual
  room’s temperature
Wheel-head radiator valves
• These enable the
  occupier of the building
  to control the
  temperature of the
  radiator manually by
  turning it on or off.
• Rotating the plastic
  ‘wheel head’
  anticlockwise will raise
  the spindle through the
  body of the valve, lifting
  the valve and opening the
  flow to the radiator.
Wheel-head radiator valves
• This is the inside of a
  radiator valve
• Most of them have similar
  internal workings , but
  some valves can withstand
  higher pressures, or are
  designed to fit the
  customers needs angled or
  straight or thermostatic
• Traditional boilers

• boilers with cast-iron,
  high-alloy steel, copper
  or aluminium heat
  exchangers

• system boilers.
• All boilers can be floor
  standing or wall-mounted, and
  are usually designed to fit in
  with kitchen unit installations.
• Gas-fi red back boilers are also
  available; these are concealed
  in a chimney opening at the
  back of a gas fire.
• Traditional or regular boilers
  supply hot water indirectly via
  a domestic hot-water storage
  cylinder, which is usually sited
  at first-floor level
Condensing boilers
• The condensing boiler has to include a fan to make
  the process work, and the heat exchanger is larger
  than that in non-condensing boilers.
• The boiler is able to extract more heat from the
  combustion process than traditional boilers,
  making it more efficient.
• As the flue gases are cooled, the water vapour they
  contain turns to liquid (condensates), which has to
  be drained from the boiler to a drain or soakaway.
• Condensing Combi
  boilers now are so
  efficient compared to
  old boilers, that from
  2004 any new boiler
  fitted had to be
  condensing
Time switch
• A time switch is an
  electrical switch
  operated by a clock to
  control either space
  heating or hot water, or
  both together
• Some are programmer
  thermostat and have
  multi functional
  displays, and some are
  even wireless
Automatic bypass valves
• These are mechanical devices
  used to make sure water can flow
  through the boiler to maintain a
  minimum water-flow rate should
  a system using zone valves or
  TRVs become closed.
• Once set, the valve opens
  automatically as the TRVs or zone
  valves close and the system
  pressure goes over the pre-set
  limit.
• Use of the bypass valve reduces
  system noise and increases pump
  life by preventing it working
  against a ‘dead head
• An auto bypass open to
  stop damage to the
  pump on the system
• It can however become
  damaged with system
  debris which makes the
  valve vibrate and
  normally a high pitched
  buzz can be heard
  throughout the system
Automatic air vents
• These are used on central-
  heating systems in order to
  remove air from the system
  automatically.
• A vacuum break on the
  bottom of the valve
  prevents an air lock forming
  and encourages air to be
  released from the water.
• Vents should always be
  installed on the positive
  side of the system and
  positioned where air is
  likely to get trapped
Motorised valves
• Three-port diverter valve
• This can only give hot
  water or heating
• The ports on the valve are
• AB the inlet from the flow
• A which is the out let to
  the heating
• B which is the outlet to
  the hot water cylinder
  ( B for Bath )
Zone valve
• A motorised valve
  which opens and closes
  when told can be used
  any where on central
  heating required or for
  domestic hot water
  applications, usually
  though on larger
  building
Mid position three port valve
• This valve looks very
  similar to the three port
  valve, and it is.
• The difference is it can
  do central heating and
  hot water both at the
  same time, the valve
  goes to a mid position
  to do this
Junction box or Wiring centre
• These provide the connections
  between the electrical system
  components and the mains
  electricity supply.
• Most manufacturers supply their
  controls in packs, and these can
  include a wiring centre which is
  designed to simplify the wiring
  of a particular system pack.
• Packs include control valves,
  programmers and thermostats.
  All the terminal connections are
  clearly marked, and full
  instructions are included with
  the wiring centre
Soundness testing of central-heating
           pipework systems

•   visual inspections
•   Pressure testing
•   Cold flushing the system
•   final checks
•   Hot flushing of pipework
•   anti-corrosion procedures
Decommissioning of central-heating systems

• Isolate the system   • Make sure the electrical supply to the
                         heating system is isolated. Turn off the
                         boiler.
                       • Remove the fuse from the spur outlet
                         to the wiring centre or junction box for
                         the controls. Advise the customer of
                         what you are doing and not to touch
                         the controls.
                       • Only work on the system when the
                         water has cooled.
                       • If you speak to the customer
                         beforehand to arrange the job, it is a
                         good idea to ask them to turn off the
                         system so that it is cold when you get
                         there
Close all outlets
• Turn off the service
  valve to the F&E cistern;
  close any automatic air
  vents.
• The open vent pipe and
  cold feed now need
  plugging –
  manufacturer devices
  are available, to carry
  this out
Draining down the radiator
• This is carried out by isolating both radiator valves and the
  loosening of the union nut on the radiator valve to be
  replaced.
• Catch the water from the radiator in a small bowl, and have
  a bucket handy to empty the bowl from time to time. Air
  needs to be let in to the radiator through its air vent to
  ensure that the water in the radiator fully drains out.
Filling a heating system
• There are a couple of
  different ways of filling a
  heating system
• With the open vent
  system the water fills its
  self, but air must be
  removed from radiators
  with a key
• However sometimes air
  locks can happen on
  poorly designed systems
Sealed systems
• With sealed systems such as
  combi’s most of the time this
  is done via a filling loop, it
  can be fitted external to the
  boiler, or inside of the boiler
  as per the manufacturer.
• The normal operating
  pressure of a sealed system
  is about 1 to 1.5 bar
• The rads are bled the same
  as before to remove any air,
  inside the boiler
• The radiators are bled the
  same as before to remove
  any air.
• inside the boiler an AAV
  ( automatic air vent )
  removes the air from the
  boiler, then the pressure
  is checked on the gauge
  cold against
  manufacturers
  instructions
Finishing touches
• When the job is finished a
  fully fitted central heating
  system complete with boiler
  and all controls are complete,
  this should last the customer
  for years,
• At this point the instructions
  and how to use the system
  should be shown to the
  customer, and Benchmark left
  filled in by the installer for the
  customer
•Any Questions ?

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Central heating level 3

  • 2. Types of central-heating system • As with cold and hot water systems there are many different types of central heating system out in the workplace. • Some which could be decades old still working but in need of either refurbishment or maintenance • Some systems need to be extended or have controls added to make them compliant with the latest Building Regulations • Like TRV (Thermostatic Radiator Valves), mid position valves, programmers, cylinder and room thermostats for total control of heat and efficiency
  • 3. The one pipe system
  • 6. Two pipe system semi gravity • This was a popular choice of system particularly in the 1970s. It is no longer permitted on new properties (other than with solid-fuel boilers) without additional controls being installed. • Nor do they meet the requirements of the Building Regulations for extension or boiler replacements to existing oil- or gas-fired systems. • In a two-pipe system, water is pumped around both the circuit and the radiators. • This improves the speed with which radiators heat up. The system can easily be balanced by adjusting the lock shield valve on each radiator.
  • 7. Building Regulations and central-heating • The Building Regulations 2000 deals with the conservation of fuel and power • Approved Document L1: Conservation of fuel and power. • This document sets out the requirements for all central heating installations in domestic dwellings
  • 9. Fully pumped systems • In this system, the hot water and the heating circuits are operated completely by the pump. • Installations are controlled by motorised valves. • There are a number of system designs incorporating two-port zone valves or three- port valves (two-position and mid-position) that meet the requirements of the Building Regulations Approved Document L1.
  • 10. S-plan ( zone valves )
  • 11. Feed and expansion cistern • As you have seen from the diagrams in this chapter, the feed and expansion (F&E) cistern is used on all open- vented central-heating systems. • While the cistern allows the system to be filled up, its main purpose is to allow water in the system to expand. The water level should therefore be set low in the cistern when filling the system. • The cold feed to the system in an average domestic property is usually 15 mm minimum, and this pipe should not include any valves. • This is to ensure that, in the event of overheating, there is a constant supply of cooler water to the system to prevent the dangerous condition of boiling. • The servicing valve to the system should be located on the cold-water inlet pipework to the cistern
  • 12. Feed & Expansion cisterns • The F&E cistern is located at the highest point in the system, and it must not be affected by the position and head of the circulating pump
  • 14. Primary open safety vent • In a fully pumped system, this should usually rise to a minimum height of 450 mm above the water level in the F&E cistern to allow for any pressure-surge effects created by the pump
  • 15. Air separators • The purpose of the air separator is to enable the cold feed and vent pipe to be joined closely together into a correct layout to serve the system. • The grouping of the connections causes turbulence of water flow in the separator, which in turn removes air from the system. • This reduces noise in the system and lowers the risk of corrosion
  • 16. • Here is a common picture of a air separator • The connections are normally • to cold feed • to vent pipe • to boiler flow
  • 17. Heat emitters • Just another name for a radiator, well no there are many different heat emitters from fan assisted to your standard panel radiator here are just a few • Kick space or plinth type
  • 18. • The standard panel radiator which depending on manufacturer can have several different features as to sizing and shape
  • 19. Some of the different types of radiator
  • 20. • A traditional type towel rail with inset column radiator • The radiator supplies a small amount of heat while the rail dries the towels
  • 21. Modern type towel heaters • A modern type towel may look decorative, but some rails are there only to dry towels. • They hardly throw any background heat into the room, but are quite popular
  • 22. How to fit them • The standard radiator is fitted approx 150mm to 175mm from the floor, this is to allow for air flow around the radiator. • However if required because of high skirting's or other obstacles they can be fitted higher
  • 23. Radiator brackets • A number of brackets and fixing • styles are available, and are usually provided with the radiator. • The bracket shown has deep hanging slots and corresponding lug positions. • These provide greater stability. Plastic inserts are used to seat the radiator precisely and help to minimise expansion and contraction noises
  • 24. Radiator valves • There is a wide selection of valves available from manufacturers. • Building Regulations require thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) to be installed on new systems or for there to be some other means of controlling an individual room’s temperature
  • 25. Wheel-head radiator valves • These enable the occupier of the building to control the temperature of the radiator manually by turning it on or off. • Rotating the plastic ‘wheel head’ anticlockwise will raise the spindle through the body of the valve, lifting the valve and opening the flow to the radiator.
  • 26. Wheel-head radiator valves • This is the inside of a radiator valve • Most of them have similar internal workings , but some valves can withstand higher pressures, or are designed to fit the customers needs angled or straight or thermostatic
  • 27. • Traditional boilers • boilers with cast-iron, high-alloy steel, copper or aluminium heat exchangers • system boilers.
  • 28. • All boilers can be floor standing or wall-mounted, and are usually designed to fit in with kitchen unit installations. • Gas-fi red back boilers are also available; these are concealed in a chimney opening at the back of a gas fire. • Traditional or regular boilers supply hot water indirectly via a domestic hot-water storage cylinder, which is usually sited at first-floor level
  • 29. Condensing boilers • The condensing boiler has to include a fan to make the process work, and the heat exchanger is larger than that in non-condensing boilers. • The boiler is able to extract more heat from the combustion process than traditional boilers, making it more efficient. • As the flue gases are cooled, the water vapour they contain turns to liquid (condensates), which has to be drained from the boiler to a drain or soakaway.
  • 30. • Condensing Combi boilers now are so efficient compared to old boilers, that from 2004 any new boiler fitted had to be condensing
  • 31. Time switch • A time switch is an electrical switch operated by a clock to control either space heating or hot water, or both together • Some are programmer thermostat and have multi functional displays, and some are even wireless
  • 32. Automatic bypass valves • These are mechanical devices used to make sure water can flow through the boiler to maintain a minimum water-flow rate should a system using zone valves or TRVs become closed. • Once set, the valve opens automatically as the TRVs or zone valves close and the system pressure goes over the pre-set limit. • Use of the bypass valve reduces system noise and increases pump life by preventing it working against a ‘dead head
  • 33. • An auto bypass open to stop damage to the pump on the system • It can however become damaged with system debris which makes the valve vibrate and normally a high pitched buzz can be heard throughout the system
  • 34. Automatic air vents • These are used on central- heating systems in order to remove air from the system automatically. • A vacuum break on the bottom of the valve prevents an air lock forming and encourages air to be released from the water. • Vents should always be installed on the positive side of the system and positioned where air is likely to get trapped
  • 35. Motorised valves • Three-port diverter valve • This can only give hot water or heating • The ports on the valve are • AB the inlet from the flow • A which is the out let to the heating • B which is the outlet to the hot water cylinder ( B for Bath )
  • 36. Zone valve • A motorised valve which opens and closes when told can be used any where on central heating required or for domestic hot water applications, usually though on larger building
  • 37. Mid position three port valve • This valve looks very similar to the three port valve, and it is. • The difference is it can do central heating and hot water both at the same time, the valve goes to a mid position to do this
  • 38. Junction box or Wiring centre • These provide the connections between the electrical system components and the mains electricity supply. • Most manufacturers supply their controls in packs, and these can include a wiring centre which is designed to simplify the wiring of a particular system pack. • Packs include control valves, programmers and thermostats. All the terminal connections are clearly marked, and full instructions are included with the wiring centre
  • 39. Soundness testing of central-heating pipework systems • visual inspections • Pressure testing • Cold flushing the system • final checks • Hot flushing of pipework • anti-corrosion procedures
  • 40. Decommissioning of central-heating systems • Isolate the system • Make sure the electrical supply to the heating system is isolated. Turn off the boiler. • Remove the fuse from the spur outlet to the wiring centre or junction box for the controls. Advise the customer of what you are doing and not to touch the controls. • Only work on the system when the water has cooled. • If you speak to the customer beforehand to arrange the job, it is a good idea to ask them to turn off the system so that it is cold when you get there
  • 41. Close all outlets • Turn off the service valve to the F&E cistern; close any automatic air vents. • The open vent pipe and cold feed now need plugging – manufacturer devices are available, to carry this out
  • 42. Draining down the radiator • This is carried out by isolating both radiator valves and the loosening of the union nut on the radiator valve to be replaced. • Catch the water from the radiator in a small bowl, and have a bucket handy to empty the bowl from time to time. Air needs to be let in to the radiator through its air vent to ensure that the water in the radiator fully drains out.
  • 43. Filling a heating system • There are a couple of different ways of filling a heating system • With the open vent system the water fills its self, but air must be removed from radiators with a key • However sometimes air locks can happen on poorly designed systems
  • 44. Sealed systems • With sealed systems such as combi’s most of the time this is done via a filling loop, it can be fitted external to the boiler, or inside of the boiler as per the manufacturer. • The normal operating pressure of a sealed system is about 1 to 1.5 bar • The rads are bled the same as before to remove any air, inside the boiler
  • 45. • The radiators are bled the same as before to remove any air. • inside the boiler an AAV ( automatic air vent ) removes the air from the boiler, then the pressure is checked on the gauge cold against manufacturers instructions
  • 46. Finishing touches • When the job is finished a fully fitted central heating system complete with boiler and all controls are complete, this should last the customer for years, • At this point the instructions and how to use the system should be shown to the customer, and Benchmark left filled in by the installer for the customer