JUNE.JAANI.JANARADN PRESENTS Low funda stuffs

Presesnts……….
JUNE.JAANI.JANARDHAN

LOW FUNDA
STUFFS
ANOTHER FUTILE ATTEMPT AT BEING A
QUIZ MASTER-
COMPILED BY THE IGNORAMUS
BANESWAR SARKER

MONE RAKHBEN-
1. The QM compiles this session only to make himself
happy….so don’t even bother to criticize the questions as
your views hardly matter…….
2. Questions are made shorter in length compared to the last
session…not for the convenience of the Quizzers but for the
QM so that he does not have to read those long questions…
3. Parnab-ism is the order of the day…..Don’t even dare to
Question the authority of the QM
4. The Quiz is a really heavy in Entertainment Quotient (in fact
more than half of the quiz)…..Afterall jeta jani setai to debo
naki????
5. Finally like the last session, the arrogant, annoying &
obstinate QM has one demand that after the Quiz is over…..

SAMPLE Q……
Continuum was a magazine published by an activist group of the
same name who denied the existence of HIV/AIDS.
Favoring pseudoscientific content, the magazine addressed
issues related to HIV/AIDS, AIDS denialism, alternative medicine,
and themes of interest to the LGBT community. It ran from
December 1992 until February 2001. For what reasons did It
cease publication from 2001??

All the editors had died of AIDS defining clinical conditions.

THE PATHWAY OF
MEDIOCRITY
1.Pounce and Bounce 1
2.LVC
3.Pounce and Bounce 2
4. Pick your Poison

RULES…
1. 10/0 on direct
2. 20/-10 on pounce
3. Pouncing on one’s own question allowed

Q.1
What has been
blanked out??

Q.2
What Has been blanked out???

Q.3
What has been blanked out?

Q.4
Scientists, specifically biochemists, and martini connoisseurs have
investigated the difference between a X martini and a Y martini. The
Department of Biochemistry at the University of Western
Ontario in Canada conducted a study to determine if the preparation of
a martini has an influence on their antioxidant capacity; the study found
that the X gin martinis were able to break down hydrogen peroxide and
leave only 0.072% of the peroxide behind, versus the Y gin martini,
which left behind 0.157% of the peroxide. Thus a X martini has more
antioxidants than a Y one. The study was done at the time because
moderate consumption of alcohol appears to reduce the risk
of cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.
Bartenders believe that Y martinis are clear and full of texture. Some
connoisseurs believe that X gin is a faux pas, supposedly because it
"bruises" the gin.
ID X and Y? (order not necessary).

Q.5
Wikipedia descriptions for what?
X is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free
content dictionary, available in 158 languages. Unlike standard
dictionaries, it is written collaboratively by volunteers, using _____
software, allowing articles to be changed by almost anyone with
access to the website.
Because X is not limited by print space considerations, most of
X's language editions provide definitions and translations of words
from many languages, and some editions offer additional
information typically found in thesauri and lexicons.
The goal of X is to eventually define "all words in all languages“.
X data are heavily used in various natural language processing
tasks.

Q.7
A fake Nostradamus Prophecy purportedly written in 1503
surfaced towards mid-December 2012.
From the calm morning,
the end will come
when of the dancing horse
the number of circles will be nine.
What has been talked about in this prophesy?

Q.8
1.His Weapons:
Cross bow: The magical crossbow is carried on his bike handle and is
used to shoot the ghost's heart.
The flying disks: The magical flying disk always marks the entry of this
hero. This works like a boomerang disk.
His ring: His laser ring, which not only shoots in straight angles, but also
can curve, dodge and chase.
His red glares: Through these, he can detect ghosts and ghost prints
which help him see the supernatural.
2.His likes: Milk, Bikes, Gadgets, Dark colours and his favorite colour is
black!
3.His dislikes: He hates to party and does not express his emotions.
4.His weakness: He has a soft corner towards anyone who shows
motherly affection.
Who am I talking about?

Q.9
The earliest western account of X is that of the Portuguese
explorer Duarte Barbosa (c. 1518).
The more part of these warriors when they are seven years of
age are sent to schools where they are taught many tricks of
nimbleness and dexterity; there they teach them to dance and
turn about and to twist on the ground, to take royal leaps, and
other leaps, and this they learn twice a day as long as they are
children, and they become so loose-jointed and supple that they
make them turn their bodies contrary to nature; and when they
are fully accomplished in this, they teach them to play with the
weapon to which they are most inclined, some with bows and
arrows, some with poles to become spearmen, but most with
swords and bucklers, which is most used among them, and in
this fencing they are ever practising. The masters who teach
them are called Panikars.
X??

Q.10
X is a small town in Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, India. X
is famous for its Shiva temple.
X is also known for its tortoises (locally known as 'Mohan') which
live in 'shiv pukur' near the temple.
The orirgin of X came from name of an Asur Y. Y was a 'king of
Asur'. He carried out 'Shiva linga', wished to bring eeswar(Lord
Shiva) to 'Patal'. But he failed. The 'Shiva linga' fixed at where the
temple could see today. Not only local people but also many
outsiders come to pray. Debotro trust organise Shiva mela every
year near the temple.
ID X?

Ar Ke Hobey????
Baneswar……..

Q.11
“The X, in America has a sexual meaning, and I chose it because it's a
fresh animal, shy, vivacious, jumping - sexy. First it smells you then it
escapes, then it comes back, and you feel like caressing it, playing
with it. A girl resembles a X. Joyful, joking……………. She is never
sophisticated, a girl you cannot really have. She is a young, healthy,
simple girl - the girl next door . . . we are not interested in the
mysterious, difficult woman, the femme fatale, who wears elegant
underwear, with lace, and she is sad, and somehow mentally filthy.
The __________ girl has no lace, no underwear, she is naked, well-
washed with soap and water, and she is happy.”
ID X…or what is being talked about??

Q.12
The English word X is derived from a German word meaning "to utter
the syllable jo".
Most experts agree that X was used by those living in the Central
Alps as a method of communication between herders and their stock
or between Alpine villages, which later became part of the region's
traditional lore and musical expression. The earliest record of a X is
in 1545, where it is described as "the call of a cowherd from
Appenzell"
It is thought that X was first introduced to the United States by
German immigrants in Pennsylvania in the early 1800s. As the new
settlers traveled south through the Appalachian Mountains and
beyond into the Deep South they came into contact with Irish
immigrants, Scandinavians, and other nationalities including African
slaves who communicated with "field hollers", described by Frederick
Law Olmstead in 1853 as a „long, loud, musical shout, rising and
falling and breaking into falsetto‟. ID X??

Q.13
A X is a socially awkward or tactless act, especially one that
violates accepted social norms, standard customs, or the rules
of etiquette.
The expression comes from French, where it means "false step",
"misstep" (in a physical as well as a figurative sense).
ID X???

Q.14
While E. L. Thorndike developed an early X, Frederick J. Kelly
was the first to use such items as part of a large scale
assessment.
While Director of the Training School at Kansas State Normal
School (now Emporia State University) in 1915, he developed and
administered the Kansas Silent Reading Test.
The first all X, large scale assessment was the Army Alpha, used
to assess the intelligence of World War I military recruits.
X is frequently used in Education, Market Research and Elections
and sometimes in Quiz.
X is also the name of an album by an Argentine Rock Band Pork
ID X???

Q.15
X is also a metaphorical way of describing any activity where
items or people are repeatedly and usually pointlessly shuffled
among various locations.
It can also refer to a condition where people have to expend time
searching for a resource, such as having to travel from gasoline
station to gasoline station when there is a shortage.
It is also used to refer to political situations where one leader
replaces another, only to be rapidly replaced in turn due to the
instability of the governing system.
X is or was formerly also known as "Going to Jerusalem". Laura
Lee Hope describes it under that name in chapter XIII of The
Bobbsey Twins at School, as does John P. Marquand in chapter
XXXI of Wickford Point.
ID X?

Q.16
X is an expression used to refer to a wife, usually young and
attractive, who is regarded as a status symbol for the husband, who is
often older and wealthy.
The term's etymological origins are disputed. One claim is
that X originally appeared in a 1950 issue of The
Economist newspaper, referring to the historical practice of warriors
capturing the most beautiful women during battle to bring
home. William Safire claimed that the term X was coined by Julie
Connelly, a senior editor of Fortune magazine, in a cover story in the
issue of August 28, 1989 and immediately entered common
usage. Many sources claim the term was coined earlier.
Although considering all these possible recent origins of the term it
must be noted that the term in Latin, TROPAEUM UXOR, appears in
many scripts of both Greek and Roman origin dating as far back as
the first half of the First century (50 AD), referring more properly to
women offered as part of the a tribute to Roman conquerors by the
defeated opponents.
ID X?

Q.17
X is a sweet from the Indian subcontinent, usually prepared in
thick, semi-soft pieces. The main ingredients are khoa, sugar and
traditional flavorings, including cardamom seeds, pistachio nuts
and saffron. The color varies from a creamy white to a caramel
colour. The word X is also generically used to mean a blob of any
doughy substance, such as flour or (in the case of the
sweet) khoa.
Origin of X may be credited to the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh,
and the variety from the city of Mathura in that state was
considered to be the best. Simultaneously, another origin, practice
of X making, some unique varieties, and spread of this tradition
may be attributed to the province of Saurashtra of Gujarat as well.
Tradition and practice of X making can be traced back to late
1800s in Sihor while it picking up momentum in 20th century.
Along with Rajkot and Bhavnagar, there are several distinct
varieties of X, originating from different centers of Saurashtra.
Used many times for religious purpose, ID X???

Q.18
X can be traced to the Middle Ages practice of placing oneself in an
unarmed position and, therefore, in the power of those being honored.
The X might have originated in the 17th century with the maritime
practice of demanding that a defeated enemy expend its ammunition
and render itself helpless until reloaded, a time-consuming operation.
In the earliest days, seven was recognized by the British because that
was the standard number of weapons on a vessel. In that
day, gunpowder made from sodium nitrate was easier to keep on dry
land than at sea. Thus those early regulations stated that although a
ship would fire only seven guns, the forts ashore would fire two shots
to each one shot afloat, hence the number ___.
What am I talking about?

Q.19
In Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and its
last part, Götterdämmerung, the valkyrie Brünnhilde, who is
traditionally presented as a very buxom lady with horned
helmet, spear and round shield. Her aria lasts almost twenty
minutes and leads directly to the end of the opera.
Götterdämmerung is about the end of the world of Norse Gods.
The above is the origin of a very famous phrase in organized
competition, generally in sports.
ID the Phrase??

It ain’t over till the Fat Lady Sings……

Q.20
Bruce Handy,a senior writer in Times,defends the non-inclusion of
the person X in Time 100: The Most Important People of the
Century…
“I don't disagree. He WAS influential. But he was also a
popularizer of other people's innovations. Also, one of the most
important, innovative things about rock is the whole notion of
songwriters singing their own works, of the immediacy of
expression. Since X didn't write his own material, unlike the
Beatles or Bob Dylan or Robert Johnson, who's also someone
who could have been included, maybe that cut against him (X).
But I agree you could also make a very persuasive argument for
his inclusion.”
“But I think the Beatles pushed the envelope a lot further. X„s most
original recordings were his first. The Beatles started out as
imitators, then continued to grow throughout their years together.
But please don't take any of this as a knock on X.”
ID X?

Q.21
Minimalist poster of….???

Q.22
What Has been Blanked out?

Q.24
Google Doodle remembering…????

Q.25
What has been blanked out???

RULES
1.12 clues
2.Inexhaustive list
3.Points mentioned on each slide

RAMSAY BROTHERS’ HORROR
MOVIES……
1.Telephone
2.Tahkhana
3.Guest House
4.Om
5.Mahakaal
6.Hotel
7.Saaya
8.Mahal
9.Sannata
10.Darwaza/Bandh Darwaza
11.Purani Haveli
12.Purana Mandir

Q.1
In the first book of the X series, Y never spoke, even though
other animals native to X did. In subsequent series other
animals who reached X was able to speak but not Y. But in
the 8th book of the series it is revealed that Y can speak as
well just like other animals, but he chose not to.
In the first book Y was described as “a little black dog with
long silky hair and small black eyes that twinkled merrily on
either side of his funny, wee nose". However, from the
illustrations in the first book many have concluded that Y is a
Cairn Terrier while others believe he is a Yorkshire Terrier as
this breed was very popular at the time and it fits the
illustration quite well.
ID X,Y and the first book of the series(exact)…….

X-OZ
Y-TOTO
The Wonderful Wizard of OZ

Q.2
The following is the list of nominees for the Best Action In A
Foreign Film in the 2007 Taurus World Stunt Awards-
1.Alarm for Cobra (winner)
2.Children Of Glory
3._____________
4.Nomad
5.Torrente 3:El Protector…..
FITB???

Q.3
X originated in Bengal and is known for depictions of mythological
scenes on the pallu of the sari. It is mainly produced in Bishnupur and
Murshidabad and producing one sari takes approximately one week or
more. X has been granted the status of Geographical indication in India.
X has its origin dating back to some 200 years ago to a small village in
Murshidabad whose name means sand banks. In the eighteenth
century, Murshidkuli Khan, Nawab of Bengal patronized its rich weaving
tradition and brought the craft of making this sari from Dhaka to the
village in Murshidabad and encouraged the industry to flourish. After its
decline during the British rule, it was later revived in Bishnupur where it
prospered.
Mythological stories are taken from the walls of temples in Bishnupur
and woven on X sarees.
ID X??

Q.4
X is the Turkish variant of a steambath, sauna or Russian
bath, distinguished by a focus on water, as distinct from ambient steam.
In Western Europe, the X as a method of cleansing and relaxation
became popular during the Victorian era. The process involved in
taking a X is similar to that of a sauna, but is more closely related to
ancient Greek and ancient Roman bathing practices.
A person taking a X first relaxes in a room (known as the warm room)
that is heated by a continuous flow of hot, dry air, allowing the bather to
perspire freely. Bathers may then move to an even hotter room (known
as the hot room) before splashing themselves with cold water. After
performing a full body wash and receiving a massage, bathers finally
retire to the cooling-room for a period of relaxation.
Back in India, X also has some biz funda associated with it ……..
ID X??

Q.5
According to Adrian Room‟s book Place-names of the World, the
name X originated from the Phoenician word attuna meaning
"furnace." Its Arabic names were Ǧabal al-burkān(greatest
mountain) and Ǧabal al-Nār (the Mountain of Fire).
It is also known as Mungibeddu in Sicilian
and Mongibello or Montebello in Italian (from the Latin mons and
the Arabic ğebel - - both meaning mountain, thus "the twice
mountain"). The term is not in common use today, although some
older people still call it this. According to another theory the
term Mongibello comes from the Latin Mulciber (qui ignem
mulcet - who placates the fire).
ID X?

Q.6
The term X has had multiple meanings for over 200 years. In the field
of medicine, the term X was used, in 1835-1836, to mean a stoppage
of physical development; the term continues to be used to indicate a
stoppage of physical development.
However,in the UK Mental Health Act of 1983, the term X was
considered a form of mental disorder consisting of severe mental
impairment, resulting in a lack of intelligence.
Other researchers have objected to the notion that mental
development can be ________ or stopped, preferring to consider the
mental status as developing in other ways, rather than the notion of
mental growth as _______.
X is also the name of an American Sitcom which ran for 3
seasons(2003-2006) in FOX about a formerly wealthy and habitually
dysfunctional family and won six Emmy and one Golden Globe.
X??

Q.7
Even though we know of the fictional educational institute X from
the director’s 3rd movie and the fact that its based on a real life
leading educational Institute imparting education in the same field
as X, very few remember that Y , another fictional Educational
institute has formed the background of the same director’s first
movie and is somehow based on another leading educational
Institute specializing in the same field as Y.
X and Y bears uncanny resemblance in name…..
ID X & Y……Half points going on bounce…Need both for Pounce

X-Imperial College Of Engineering
Y-Imperial Institute of Medical Sciences
The movies -----3 Idiots & Munnabhai MBBS…..

Q.8
Anelosimus ________ is
a species of spider in the
family Theridiidae. It is only
known from iSimangalis
Wetland Park, KwaZulu-
Natal, South Africa. The
male holotype specimen is 2.08
millimetres (0.082 in) in length,
and the female paratype is 2.60
millimetres (0.102 in) in length.
Both the holotype and paratype
were found on Fanies Island, 5
km south of Cape Vidal.
Stasimopus __________ is
a species of ctenizid trapdoor
spider from the Eastern Cape
Province of South Africa. This
species occurs syntopically with S.
schoenlandi and a number of
other mygalomorph spiders at
the Great Fish River Nature Reserve.
After which person are these
spiders named after?

Q.10
Discovered January 16, 2006, X was designed to destroy
common files such as Microsoft Word, Excel,
and PowerPoint documents when each computer's calendar hit
February 3 and on the 3rd of each following month.
The worm arrived via e-mail, enticing computer users with
promises of sexy pictures. The subject lines included "School girl
fantasies gone bad", "Hot Movie", "Crazy illegal Sex!" and “X
pics". When users clicked on the attachment, the machine
became infected. Once executed, the worm can corrupt and
overwrite the most common Windows file types, .doc, .pdf, .zip,
and .xls, among others; the data are changed and become
unrecoverable. The worm also tries to disable antivirus software.
Also known as Blackworm, Nyxem, and Blackmal, what is X??

Q.11
Which Bollywood song starts with the lines which roughly
translates to the following-???
Who are you?
Where have you been?
I´ve moved heaven and earth and I didn´t find you
and you arrive today
so suddenly
and you give sense to my whole life with your love

Q.12
X was a successful attempt to have real people look like
cartoon characters. X are mostly thin women and few
children covered in layers of white fabric, as X were required
to have thin limbs. The facial expressions were created out of
rubber and pasted on the actors to cut down time and cost.
The bodies were made using special material stuffed with
foam in areas around the stomach. The heads were created
with a harder material called Perspex. The sets were made
larger than life to make the characters look small.
ID X???

Q.13
A refugee from East Pakistan, Arati Das, an 11 year old girl took
up the job of an domestic help in an Anglo-Indian family to help
her parents. One of the guests to that family introduced her to
Firpo‟s, one of the most fancy and expensive hotels in Calcutta
and she was hired as a Cabaret Dancer. She became famous as
X and was perhaps the most famous dancer in Calcutta. She
became so famous that she was popular among the Tollywood
actors, and had found a fan in Uttam Kumar. She even acted in 2
movies directed by Satyajit Ray- Seemabaddha and Pratidwandi.
X will be portrayed by Paoli Dam in “Cabaret Queen”.
ID X???

Q.14
“Wait, so they have sex with men for no reason, and you don't
have to pay them?!”~ Oscar Wilde on on the women of X
“So it's a show about three hookers and their mom?”~ Brian
Griffin on X
X often called x was a popular American cable television
program,(and is secretly enjoyed by men everywhere) based on the
book "How to make money by fooling people into thinking that your
show is about sex... when it's not.", by Candy Bush. It was originally
broadcast on the HBO (Horny Bored Oldmen) network from 1998
until 2004. Since 2004, its spinoff __________ ___________ has
become incredibly popular, because, it was actually more about sex,
than the original show, and the main actresses were replaced by more
attractive whores.
It‟s the Uncyclopaedia entry about a show.
1.ID X?
2.Fill in the Blanks……

X-Sex In The City
Desperate Housewives

Q.15
What has been blanked out??

Q.16
It has also been suggested that X records the attempt by
King Charles I to reform the taxes on liquid measures. He was
blocked by Parliament, so subsequently ordered that the volume of a
______ (1/2 pint) be reduced, but the tax remained the same. This
meant that he still received more tax, despite Parliament's veto.(many
pint glasses in the UK still have a line marking the 1/2 pint level with a
crown above it) . The reference to ______, ( 1/4 pint) is said to reflect
that the ______ dropped in volume as a consequence.
The suggestion has also been made that X represent Louis XVI of
France, who was deposed and beheaded in 1793 , and his
Queen, Marie Antoinette.
There is also a local belief that X records events in the village
of Kilmersdon in Somerset in 1697. When a local spinster became
pregnant, the putative father is said to have died from a rock fall and
the woman died in childbirth soon after.
ID X??

Q.17
X is an English language slang phrase along with a gesture
associated with the 1990s. It originated as a contemptuous way of
saying one doesn't want to hear what the person who is speaking is
saying. It is often elongated to a phrase such as “X, because the ears
ain't listening". A variant is “X because the face don't understand!“
The phrase is often considered to be sarcastic or obnoxious. The
phrase was popularized by actor and comedian Martin Lawrence in
his 1992 sitcom Martin. The phrase is formally reported from as early
as 1995, when a local Indianapolis magazine story noted X—The
phrase, which means, 'Shut up‟.
Lynne Truss, noted for writing the bestselling Eats, Shoots & Leaves,
used the phrase as the title and prime example in her 2006 book, X:
The Utter Bloody Rudeness of the World Today.

Q.20
The image is of the copy
of part of The US
President’s statement if
a certain “mission”
would have been
unsuccessful…Funda
please…

Voyage to the Moon (Apollo 11)

Q.21
Minimalist poster
for….????

The Hunger Games/Katniss Everdeen

Q.25
What has been blanked out??

THE TOPICS ARE……
• Chalo Cinema
• Meri Marzi
• Bizz-Buzz
• Comixxology
• Mini-Maal
• Olym-pixx
• Hungray Kya???
• Tech-en
• Word-Up

CHALO CINEMA
What’s the probable question to the following….
Single Phase X use shorted wire loops on a rotating armature
and obtain their torques from currents produced in these
loops by the changing magnetic fields produced in the stator
coils.
Polyphase X: When currents flow through many
symmetrically placed windings a sinusoidally distributed air
gap flux generating the rotor current is produced. The
interaction of the air gap flux and rotor currents produces a
torque in the rotor……..

RETURN….
How Does an Induction Motor Start???

MERI MARZI
Given alongside the pic of Lupe
Fuentes, a Spanish-Colombian
former pornographic actress.
In 2010, in 2010 she finally left her porn
career behind to pursue her passion,
singing. Lupe is the lead singer of the
pop group “X", which has released two
singles, "We Are The Party" released on
November 6, 2012 and "Whatchya
Looking At?" released on 18 March 2013.
According to the group's website, X
consists of Lupe, four other girls, a DJ,
and their “bunny mascot” & the person
wearing the mascot suit is Hollywood
actor Danny Trejo. Besides Lupe, the
other four members are: Smash, Baby J,
Dee-Love, and Tee-Money.
The FB page of X has 169,943 likes and
their first single has over 3 million Hits on
YouTube, but has received mixed reviews
so far.
ID X???

RETURN…..
The Ex-Girlfriends

COMIXXOLOGY
Writer David Goyer said he felt X was the most complex of all
the Batman villains, comparing him to Osama bin Laden;
"He's not crazy in the way that all the other Batman villains
are. He's not bent on revenge; he's actually trying to heal the
world. He's just doing it by very draconian means.“
Christopher Nolan had discussions with his Memento
collaborator Guy Pearce about playing the role, but both of
them decided that the actor was too young for the part.
ID X??

MINI-MAAL
Minmalistic poster of???

OLYM-PIXX
The two poses please(name the athletes as well)……..???

RETURN…..
Mo-Bot and To-Di World

HUNGRY KYA????
An X is an oblong pastry made with choux dough filled with a cream
and topped with icing.
The dough, which is the same as that used for profiterole, is typically
piped into an oblong shape with a pastry bag and baked until it is crisp
and hollow inside. Once cool, the pastry then is filled with a vanilla-
, coffee- or chocolate-flavoured custard (crème pâtissière), or
with whipped cream, or chiboust cream; and then iced
with fondant icing. Other fillings include pistachio- and rum-flavoured
custard, fruit-flavoured fillings, or chestnut purée.
X comes from French for 'flash of lightning.'
X originated during the nineteenth century in France where it was
called "pain à la duchesse" or "petite duchesse" until 1850. It is a
popular type of cake served all over the world. The word is first
attested both in English and in French in the 1860s.
X is also the name something we enjoyed during our childhood and
sometimes even today…..
ID X???

TECH-EN
Given alongside is the
traffic on a website at
different time periods.
A less popular website
among its competitors, as
of October 2012 Alexa
traffic ranked X.com 746th
and as of April 2013 it is
ranked at 1179 in the world.
It has 33 million user
worldwide.
Which website???

WORD UP-
Wikipedia describes X as-
A X is an association or collection of individuals people or "warm-
bodies“ or else contrived "legal persons" (or a mixture of both). X
members share a common purpose and unite in order to focus
their various talents and organize their collectively
available skills or resources to achieve specific, declared goals.
ETYMOLOGY-
The English word has its origins in the Old French military term
meaning a "body of soldiers", originally taken from the Late
Latin word for " one who eats bread with you", first attested in
the Lex Salica as a calque of the Germanic expression
*gahlaibo (literally, "with bread"), related to Old High
German galeipo and Gothic gahlaiba "messmate". By 1303, the
word referred to trade guilds.
Present usage of X was first recorded in 1553.

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