Daylight Savings Time 2013 - It’s been over two years since I’ve written about our planetary neighbor Mars. Why? As it is with most things astronomical, events in our solar system occur in a cyclic manner. Earth and Mars have a close encounter every 26 months.

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Daylight Savings Time 2013
Please check the above websites for any
cancellation notices before venturing out for a visit,
since snow and ice at the facilities can force
closures even when the skies are clear. Don't forget,
we switch to Daylight Saving Time on Sunday, March
11, ...
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Daylight Savings Time 2013
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2. It's going to be the closest it's been in 26 months this week: the Red Planet. What
immediately pops into your head when I mention Mars? If you had asked me back
in the sixth grade (1964-65), I would have answered H.G. Wells’ War of the
Worlds, for it was then that I first read that great science fiction novel about
Martians invading our world. From then until the early 70’s I was aware the United
States had sent several unmanned spacecraft (Mariner series) to explore our
desert neighbor. Then came the Viking landers in 1976. And now I think about the
surviving Mars rover Opportunity who, like the Energizer Bunny, keeps “going and
going.” I’m also looking forward to the landing of a small car-sized rover in August
called Curiosity.
When I’m able to show a young child a great view of Mars through Seagrave
Observatory’s 8-inch Alvan Clark refractor telescope or Ladd Observatory’s 12-
inch Brashear refractor, I often wonder if that young person may be the first
earthly explorer to set foot upon its rusty soil. He or she may get to visit the crash
or landing sites of our earlier unmanned explorations and get to see firsthand the
magnificent “geological” structures explored by the rovers. This adventurer will be
able to step up to a rock outcropping and pick away at the formation hoping to
discover evidence of past life. (Much like I imagined doing as I watched the
fantastic images transmitted to Earth from the Mars rovers.)
For this article I am not going to recount the history of Mars observations or
spacecraft explorations other than to say the initial accounts of possible “canals”
on Mars at the end of the 19th century captured our imagination and most
assuredly hastened our spacecraft exploration of this desolate world. If you would
like some historical background, visit Skyscrapers web site at
http://www.theskyscrapers.org/ and look for an article titled “Mars History Highlights
2012.”
It’s been over two years since I’ve written about our planetary neighbor Mars.
Why? As it is with most things astronomical, events in our solar system occur in a
cyclic manner. Earth and Mars have a close encounter every 26 months. During
the last few months the Earth has been catching up to Mars in our respective
orbits, since the Earth orbits the Sun (one year) in less time than Mars does (1.88
years). On March 5 these two planets will be at their closest distance from each
other: 62,652,214 miles. Unfortunately not all Mars close encounters are favorable
ones. That fact is due to the eccentricity of Mars’ elliptical orbit and its distance
from the Sun. And just to put that distance into some perspective, back on August
27, 2003, Earth and Mars were a mere 34,646,418 miles apart.
For some Mars observers it might be a challenge to observe much detail
considering how small the disk of the planet will appear even at its closest
approach. However, don’t let Mars’ small image size deter you from gazing at this
planet that has stimulated our collective imagination for over a century.
This brief Mars observing guide will help you to discern and appreciate the
planetary detail a telescope may show you of this neighboring world. While this
2012 apparition is not one of the closer ones, medium-sized backyard telescopes
should still coax some detail out of the small image. And of course the local
observatories will be able to share even more Martian detail when steady seeing
allows them to “crank up” the magnification.
If you haven’t begun to observe Mars on your own prior to reading this column, the
next clear night would be a good time to drag your telescopes out and have them
collect the light of all the heavenly bodies, instead of collecting dust in storage.
After we and Mars are closest on March 5, the Earth effectively laps our neighbor
due to our greater orbital speed. After just one week we will be just over half a

3. million miles farther apart. A week later it will be an additional 1.5 million miles. So
don’t procrastinate. You’ll observe more detail if you start your Mars observing
program right away.
First you will need to locate Mars in the sky. Just after sunset on March 1, Mars will
be the red object about ten degrees (a fist held at arm’s length gives this
measurement) above the eastern horizon. You should wait for it to climb higher
into the sky and out of any horizon haze and turbulence. By 9:00pm Mars will be
almost 40 degrees above the horizon and awaiting your scrutiny. It would be hard
not to notice Mars, for its pumpkin orange color is very distinct.
By that time the sky will also be completely dark, and you’ll be able to see it in
relation to the background stars. During this Mars observing season it will remain
within the constellation of Leo, the lion. It currently resides below the hind quarters
of this sky picture. Mars will move westward in the sky towards the bright star
Regulus, which anchors the backwards question mark pattern called the Sickle
and represents the lion’s heart. Mars won’t reach Regulus, because in mid-April
the planet will move eastward in the sky.
Once you focus in on Mars with a telescope, the first detail you will notice will be
the color. It’s not quite red, but not quite orange. Perhaps Crayola has a hue that
best describes what we can see. How would you describe it? The second detail
that will catch your eye will be the North Polar Cap (NPC). It’s definitely a bright
white feature that can be seen because Mars’ north pole is currently tilted towards
the Earth. It is late spring in Mars’ northern hemisphere, so the NPC has had some
time to melt. Mars’ Summer Solstice occurs on March 30, so as more time passes,
an observer should be able to notice the NPC shrinking and breaking up. Mars’
image will be fairly small, so one should wait for steady seeing conditions to
observe as much detail as possible. The NPC will continue to shrink as the Martian
summer progresses, while the Earth/Mars distance will be increasing and the
image size will be decreasing.
While the NPC should be rather apparent, the rest of the planet will appear as a
rust-colored beach ball. As you more carefully scan this alien world, you should
begin to notice several dark features on the Martian surface. These features are
the underlying rock exposed by the shifting sands during intense dust storms. The
relatively small image will make it somewhat of a challenge to identify much detail,
and the dark surface features may be fleeting. Despite this handicap, a keen-eyed
observer should be able to catch a few glimpses of a dark area like Syrtis Major or
a bright one like Hellas Basin. You may be able to identify some of Mars’ dark and
bright surface features by utilizing a utility called Mars Profiler provided online by
Sky and Telescope magazine. Also please keep in mind that Mars rotates once in
24 hours and 38 minutes. That means if you observe a feature at a specific
location at a specific time on a given night, you’ll have to wait an additional 38
minutes each successive night for it to be at the same spot, since the Earth rotates
once every 24 hours.
Though Mars is noted for producing dust storms that can globally enshroud the
planet, therefore preventing any of its surface features from being observed, it is
unlikely that will happen during this opposition. Those storms are active when Mars
is at perihelion (closest to the Sun), and that won’t happen until January 2013.
During Mars’ current orbit about the Sun, its aphelion (farthest distance from the
Sun) was on February 15. Major dust storms are unlikely, so take your time
observing and note as much detail as your telescope and local weather conditions
allow.
In conclusion, be patient when observing Mars. The planet’s disk will be small. Wait
for steady seeing conditions. Don’t try observing Mars if the stars are twinkling.

4. Take a knowledgeable glimpse of an alien world that inspired generations of
astronomers and science fiction writers alike to ponder the existence of Martian
life-forms.
Drag out those telescopes and expose them to the light of the universe. One day
your children or your grandchildren may set foot upon this exciting landscape.
If you don’t own your own telescope (or the view through the one you do own is too
small to see much detail) plan on visiting Seagrave Observatory on Peeptoad
Road in North Scituate on any clear Saturday night. Or visit Ladd Observatory
located on Hope Street on Providence’s East Side on any clear Tuesday night.
Also consider visiting Frosty Drew Observatory in Charlestown. Frosty Drew
observing begins at 6:00pm with no set end time.
Dress warmly and take advantage of the views these larger telescopes can
provide. Please check the above websites for any cancellation notices before
venturing out for a visit, since snow and ice at the facilities can force closures even
when the skies are clear.
Don’t forget, we switch to Daylight Saving Time on Sunday, March 11, at 2:00am,
so during mid-March be sure to double check the above web sites for opening time
changes.
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