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Part II
                                                    Initiating Entrepreneurial
                                                    Ventures




                                                    CHAPTER      5
                                                    Innovation:
                                                    The Creative
                                                    Pursuit of Ideas


© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning.                    PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
All rights reserved.                                                        The University of West Alabama
Chapter Objectives
 1.        To explore the opportunity identification process
 2.        To define and illustrate the sources of innovative
           ideas for entrepreneurs
 3.        To examine the role of creativity and to review the
           major components of the creative process:
           knowledge accumulation, incubation process, idea
           experience, evaluation, and implementation
 4.        To present ways of developing personal creativity:
           recognize relationships, develop a functional
           perspective, use your “brains,” and eliminate
           muddling mind-sets

© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–2
Chapter Objectives (cont’d)
 5.        To introduce the four major types of innovation:
           invention, extension, duplication, and synthesis
 6.        To review some of the major myths associated with
           innovation and to define the ten principles of
           innovation




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–3
Opportunity Identification:
  The Search for New Ideas

 • Opportunity identification is central to
     entrepreneurship and involves:
             The creative pursuit of ideas
             The innovation process
 • The first step for any entrepreneur is the
     identification of a “good idea.”
             The search for good ideas is never easy.
             Opportunity recognition can lead to both personal and
              societal wealth.


© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–4
Entrepreneurial Imagination and Creativity
 • How entrepreneurs do what they do:
             Creative thinking + systematic analysis = success
             Seek out unique opportunities to fill needs and wants
             Turn problems into opportunities
             Recognize that problems are to solutions what
              demand is to supply




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–5
Table
                           5.1                Sources of Innovation Ideas

   Source                                           Examples
   Unexpected occurrences                           Unexpected success: Apple Computer (microcomputers)
                                                    Unexpected tragedy: 9-11 terrorist attack

   Incongruities                                    Overnight package delivery

   Process needs                                    Sugar-free products
                                                    Caffeine-free coffee
                                                    Microwave ovens

   Industry and market                              Health care industry: changing to home health care
   changes

   Demographic changes                              Rest homes or retirement centers for older people

   Perceptual changes                               Exercise (aerobics) and the growing concern for fitness

   Knowledge-based concepts                         Mobile (Cell phone) technology; pharmaceutical industry;
                                                    robotics




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                         5–6
The Role of Creative Thinking
 • Creativity
             The generation of ideas that result in the improved
              efficiency or effectiveness of a system.
 • Two important aspects of creativity exist:
             Process
                 • The process is goal oriented; it is designed to attain a solution
                   to a problem.
             People
                 • The resources that determine the solution.




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.            5–7
Table
                            5.2                  Two Approaches to Creative Problem Solving


          Adaptor                                                                     Innovator
          Employs a disciplined, precise,                                             Approaches tasks from unusual
          methodical approach                                                         angles

          Is concerned with solving, rather                                           Discovers problems and avenues of
          than finding, problems                                                      solutions

          Attempts to refine current practices                                        Questions basic assumptions
                                                                                      related to current practices

          Tends to be means oriented                                                  Has little regard for means; is more
                                                                                      interested in ends

          Is capable of extended detail work                                          Has little tolerance for routine work

          Is sensitive to group cohesion and                                          Has little or no need for consensus;
          cooperation                                                                 often is insensitive to others

Source: Michael Kirton, “Adaptors and Innovators: A Description and Measure,” Journal of Applied
Psychology (October 1976): 623. Copyright © 1976 by The American Psychological Association.
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                                    5–8
The Nature of the Creative Process
 • Creativity is a process that can be developed and
     improved. Some individuals have a greater
     aptitude for creativity than others.
 • Typical Creative Process
             Phase 1: Background or knowledge accumulation
             Phase 2: The incubation process
             Phase 3: The idea experience
             Phase 4: Evaluation and implementation



© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–9
Table
                           5.3                  The Most Common Idea “Killers”

    1. “Naah.”
    2. “Can’t” (said with a shake of the head and an air of finality).
    3. “That’s the dumbest thing I’ve ever heard.”
    4. “Yeah, but if you did that . . .” (poses an extreme or unlikely
       disaster case).
    5. “We already tried that—years ago.”
    6. “I don’t see anything wrong with the way we’re doing it now.”
    7. “We’ve never done anything like that before.”
    8. “We’ve got deadlines to meet—we don’t have time to consider
       that.”
    9. “It’s not in the budget.”
    10. “Where do you get these weird ideas?”

Source: Adapted from The Creative Process, ed. Angelo M. Biondi (Hadley, MA: The Creative Education Foundation, 1986).
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                                   5–10
Figure
                           5.1                The Critical Thinking Process




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.        5–11
Developing Your Creativity
 • Recognizing Relationships
             Looking for different or unorthodox relationships
              among the elements and people around you.
 • Developing a Functional Perspective
             Viewing things and people in terms of how they can
              satisfy his or her needs and help complete a project.
 • Using Your Brains
             The right brain helps us understand analogies,
              imagine things, and synthesize information.
             The left brain helps us analyze, verbalize, and use
              rational approaches to problem solving.

© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–12
A Creative Exercise
 • Think of and write down all of the functions you can
   imagine for the following items (spend five minutes on
   each item):
 • An egotistical staff member    • A new secretary
 • A large pebble                 • An empty roll of
 • A fallen tree branch              masking tape
 • A chair                        • A yardstick

 • A computer “whiz kid”          • An old coat hanger

 • An obsessively organized       • The office “tightwad”
   employee                       • This exercise
 • The office “gossip”
 • An old hubcap
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–13
Table
                            5.4                  Processes Associated with the Two Brain Hemispheres


               Left Hemisphere                                                         Right Hemisphere
               Verbal                                                                  Nonverbal
               Analytical                                                              Synthesizing
               Abstract                                                                Seeing analogies
               Rational                                                                Nonrational
               Logical                                                                 Spatial
               Linear                                                                  Intuitive
                                                                                       Imaginative




Source: Betty Edwards, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain (Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1979).
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                    5–14
Table
                           5.5                Ways to Develop Left- and Right-Hemisphere Skills


Left-Hemisphere Skills                                                   Right-Hemisphere Skills

1. Step-by-step planning of your work                                    1. Using metaphors and analogies to
   and life activities                                                      describe things and people in your
                                                                            conversations and writing
2. Reading ancient, medieval, and
   scholastic philosophy, legal cases,                                   2. Taking off your watch when you are
   and books on logic                                                       not working
3. Establishing timetables for all of                                    3. Suspending your initial judgment of
   your activities                                                          ideas, new acquaintances, movies,
                                                                            TV programs, and so on
4. Using and working with a computer
   program                                                               4. Recording your hunches, feelings,
                                                                            and intuitions and calculating their
5. Detailed fantasizing and visualizing
                                                                            accuracy
   things and situations in the future
6. Drawing faces, caricatures, and
   landscapes



© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                         5–15
Impediments to Creativity
 • Eliminating Muddling Mind-Sets
             Either/or thinking (concern for certainty)
             Security hunting (concern for risk)
             Stereotyping (abstracting reality)
             Probability thinking (seeking predictable
              results)




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–16
Arenas in Which People are Creative

                                                                  Idea
                                                                   Idea
                                                                Creativity
                                                                Creativity
             Spontaneous
             Spontaneous                                                             Material
                                                                                     Material
              Creativity
               Creativity                                                           Creativity
                                                                                    Creativity

                                                              Types of
                                                              Types of
                                                              Creativity           Organization
                                                                                   Organization
          Inner Creativity
           Inner Creativity                                   Creativity            Creativity
                                                                                     Creativity


                                Event
                                 Event                                       Relationship
                                                                             Relationship
                               Creativity
                               Creativity                                     Creativity
                                                                               Creativity

© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                            5–17
The Creative Climate
 • Characteristics of a creative climate:
             A trustful management that does not overcontrol the personnel
             Open channels of communication among all business members
             Considerable contact and communication with outsiders
             A large variety of personality types
             A willingness to accept change
             An enjoyment in experimenting with new ideas
             Little fear of negative consequences for making a mistake
             The selection and promotion of employees on the basis of merit
             The use of techniques that encourage ideas, including
              suggestion systems and brainstorming
             Sufficient financial, managerial, human, and time resources for
              accomplishing goals
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.          5–18
Innovation and the Entrepreneur
 • Innovation:
             Is the process by which entrepreneurs convert
              opportunities into marketable ideas.
             Is a combination of the vision to create a good idea
              and the perseverance and dedication to remain with
              the concept through implementation.
             Is a key function in the entrepreneurial process.
             Is the specific function of entrepreneurship.




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–19
The Innovation Process
 • Types of Innovation                                                   • Sources of Innovation
             Invention                                                       Unexpected
             Extension                                                        occurrences
             Duplication
                                                                              Incongruities
             Synthesis
                                                                              Process needs
                                                                              Industry and market
                                                                               changes
                                                                              Demographic changes
                                                                              Perceptual changes
                                                                              Knowledge-based
                                                                               concepts
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                               5–20
Table
                           5.6                Innovation in Action


              Type                 Description                           Examples
              Invention            Totally new product,                  Wright brothers—airplane
                                   service, or process                   Thomas Edison—light bulb
                                                                         Alexander Graham Bell—telephone

              Extension            New use or different                  Ray Kroc—McDonald’s
                                   application of an already             Mark Zuckerberg—Facebook
                                   existing product, service,            Barry Sternlicht—Starwood Hotels &
                                   or process                            Resorts

              Duplication Creative replication of an                     Wal-Mart—department stores
                          existing concept                               Gateway—personal computers
                                                                         Pizza Hut—pizza parlor

              Synthesis            Combination of existing               Fred Smith—Fed Ex
                                   concepts and factors into a           Howard Schultz—Starbucks
                                   new formulation or use




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                     5–21
Major Innovation Myths
 • Myth 1: Innovation is planned and predictable
 • Myth 2: Technical specifications should be
   thoroughly prepared
 • Myth 3: Creativity relies on dreams and blue-
           sky ideas
 • Myth 4: Big projects will develop better
   innovations than smaller ones
 • Myth 5: Technology is the driving force of
   innovation success


© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–22
Principles of Innovation
  Be action oriented.
  Make the product, process, or service simple and
         understandable.
  Make the product, process, or service customer-based.
  Start small.
  Aim high.
  Try/test/revise.
  Learn from failures
  Follow a milestone schedule.
  Reward heroic activity.
  Work, work, work.
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.   5–23
Key Terms and Concepts
 • appositional relationship                                             • invention
 • creative process                                                      • left brain
 • creativity                                                            • muddling mind-sets
 • duplication                                                           • opportunity identification
 • extension                                                             • probability thinking
 • functional perspective                                                • right brain
 • incongruities                                                         • stereotyping
 • innovation                                                            • synthesis




© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                              5–24

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Innovation

  • 1. Part II Initiating Entrepreneurial Ventures CHAPTER 5 Innovation: The Creative Pursuit of Ideas © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook All rights reserved. The University of West Alabama
  • 2. Chapter Objectives 1. To explore the opportunity identification process 2. To define and illustrate the sources of innovative ideas for entrepreneurs 3. To examine the role of creativity and to review the major components of the creative process: knowledge accumulation, incubation process, idea experience, evaluation, and implementation 4. To present ways of developing personal creativity: recognize relationships, develop a functional perspective, use your “brains,” and eliminate muddling mind-sets © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–2
  • 3. Chapter Objectives (cont’d) 5. To introduce the four major types of innovation: invention, extension, duplication, and synthesis 6. To review some of the major myths associated with innovation and to define the ten principles of innovation © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–3
  • 4. Opportunity Identification: The Search for New Ideas • Opportunity identification is central to entrepreneurship and involves:  The creative pursuit of ideas  The innovation process • The first step for any entrepreneur is the identification of a “good idea.”  The search for good ideas is never easy.  Opportunity recognition can lead to both personal and societal wealth. © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–4
  • 5. Entrepreneurial Imagination and Creativity • How entrepreneurs do what they do:  Creative thinking + systematic analysis = success  Seek out unique opportunities to fill needs and wants  Turn problems into opportunities  Recognize that problems are to solutions what demand is to supply © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–5
  • 6. Table 5.1 Sources of Innovation Ideas Source Examples Unexpected occurrences Unexpected success: Apple Computer (microcomputers) Unexpected tragedy: 9-11 terrorist attack Incongruities Overnight package delivery Process needs Sugar-free products Caffeine-free coffee Microwave ovens Industry and market Health care industry: changing to home health care changes Demographic changes Rest homes or retirement centers for older people Perceptual changes Exercise (aerobics) and the growing concern for fitness Knowledge-based concepts Mobile (Cell phone) technology; pharmaceutical industry; robotics © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–6
  • 7. The Role of Creative Thinking • Creativity  The generation of ideas that result in the improved efficiency or effectiveness of a system. • Two important aspects of creativity exist:  Process • The process is goal oriented; it is designed to attain a solution to a problem.  People • The resources that determine the solution. © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–7
  • 8. Table 5.2 Two Approaches to Creative Problem Solving Adaptor Innovator Employs a disciplined, precise, Approaches tasks from unusual methodical approach angles Is concerned with solving, rather Discovers problems and avenues of than finding, problems solutions Attempts to refine current practices Questions basic assumptions related to current practices Tends to be means oriented Has little regard for means; is more interested in ends Is capable of extended detail work Has little tolerance for routine work Is sensitive to group cohesion and Has little or no need for consensus; cooperation often is insensitive to others Source: Michael Kirton, “Adaptors and Innovators: A Description and Measure,” Journal of Applied Psychology (October 1976): 623. Copyright © 1976 by The American Psychological Association. © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–8
  • 9. The Nature of the Creative Process • Creativity is a process that can be developed and improved. Some individuals have a greater aptitude for creativity than others. • Typical Creative Process  Phase 1: Background or knowledge accumulation  Phase 2: The incubation process  Phase 3: The idea experience  Phase 4: Evaluation and implementation © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–9
  • 10. Table 5.3 The Most Common Idea “Killers” 1. “Naah.” 2. “Can’t” (said with a shake of the head and an air of finality). 3. “That’s the dumbest thing I’ve ever heard.” 4. “Yeah, but if you did that . . .” (poses an extreme or unlikely disaster case). 5. “We already tried that—years ago.” 6. “I don’t see anything wrong with the way we’re doing it now.” 7. “We’ve never done anything like that before.” 8. “We’ve got deadlines to meet—we don’t have time to consider that.” 9. “It’s not in the budget.” 10. “Where do you get these weird ideas?” Source: Adapted from The Creative Process, ed. Angelo M. Biondi (Hadley, MA: The Creative Education Foundation, 1986). © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–10
  • 11. Figure 5.1 The Critical Thinking Process © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–11
  • 12. Developing Your Creativity • Recognizing Relationships  Looking for different or unorthodox relationships among the elements and people around you. • Developing a Functional Perspective  Viewing things and people in terms of how they can satisfy his or her needs and help complete a project. • Using Your Brains  The right brain helps us understand analogies, imagine things, and synthesize information.  The left brain helps us analyze, verbalize, and use rational approaches to problem solving. © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–12
  • 13. A Creative Exercise • Think of and write down all of the functions you can imagine for the following items (spend five minutes on each item): • An egotistical staff member • A new secretary • A large pebble • An empty roll of • A fallen tree branch masking tape • A chair • A yardstick • A computer “whiz kid” • An old coat hanger • An obsessively organized • The office “tightwad” employee • This exercise • The office “gossip” • An old hubcap © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–13
  • 14. Table 5.4 Processes Associated with the Two Brain Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Verbal Nonverbal Analytical Synthesizing Abstract Seeing analogies Rational Nonrational Logical Spatial Linear Intuitive Imaginative Source: Betty Edwards, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain (Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1979). © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–14
  • 15. Table 5.5 Ways to Develop Left- and Right-Hemisphere Skills Left-Hemisphere Skills Right-Hemisphere Skills 1. Step-by-step planning of your work 1. Using metaphors and analogies to and life activities describe things and people in your conversations and writing 2. Reading ancient, medieval, and scholastic philosophy, legal cases, 2. Taking off your watch when you are and books on logic not working 3. Establishing timetables for all of 3. Suspending your initial judgment of your activities ideas, new acquaintances, movies, TV programs, and so on 4. Using and working with a computer program 4. Recording your hunches, feelings, and intuitions and calculating their 5. Detailed fantasizing and visualizing accuracy things and situations in the future 6. Drawing faces, caricatures, and landscapes © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–15
  • 16. Impediments to Creativity • Eliminating Muddling Mind-Sets  Either/or thinking (concern for certainty)  Security hunting (concern for risk)  Stereotyping (abstracting reality)  Probability thinking (seeking predictable results) © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–16
  • 17. Arenas in Which People are Creative Idea Idea Creativity Creativity Spontaneous Spontaneous Material Material Creativity Creativity Creativity Creativity Types of Types of Creativity Organization Organization Inner Creativity Inner Creativity Creativity Creativity Creativity Event Event Relationship Relationship Creativity Creativity Creativity Creativity © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–17
  • 18. The Creative Climate • Characteristics of a creative climate:  A trustful management that does not overcontrol the personnel  Open channels of communication among all business members  Considerable contact and communication with outsiders  A large variety of personality types  A willingness to accept change  An enjoyment in experimenting with new ideas  Little fear of negative consequences for making a mistake  The selection and promotion of employees on the basis of merit  The use of techniques that encourage ideas, including suggestion systems and brainstorming  Sufficient financial, managerial, human, and time resources for accomplishing goals © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–18
  • 19. Innovation and the Entrepreneur • Innovation:  Is the process by which entrepreneurs convert opportunities into marketable ideas.  Is a combination of the vision to create a good idea and the perseverance and dedication to remain with the concept through implementation.  Is a key function in the entrepreneurial process.  Is the specific function of entrepreneurship. © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–19
  • 20. The Innovation Process • Types of Innovation • Sources of Innovation  Invention  Unexpected  Extension occurrences  Duplication  Incongruities  Synthesis  Process needs  Industry and market changes  Demographic changes  Perceptual changes  Knowledge-based concepts © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–20
  • 21. Table 5.6 Innovation in Action Type Description Examples Invention Totally new product, Wright brothers—airplane service, or process Thomas Edison—light bulb Alexander Graham Bell—telephone Extension New use or different Ray Kroc—McDonald’s application of an already Mark Zuckerberg—Facebook existing product, service, Barry Sternlicht—Starwood Hotels & or process Resorts Duplication Creative replication of an Wal-Mart—department stores existing concept Gateway—personal computers Pizza Hut—pizza parlor Synthesis Combination of existing Fred Smith—Fed Ex concepts and factors into a Howard Schultz—Starbucks new formulation or use © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–21
  • 22. Major Innovation Myths • Myth 1: Innovation is planned and predictable • Myth 2: Technical specifications should be thoroughly prepared • Myth 3: Creativity relies on dreams and blue- sky ideas • Myth 4: Big projects will develop better innovations than smaller ones • Myth 5: Technology is the driving force of innovation success © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–22
  • 23. Principles of Innovation  Be action oriented.  Make the product, process, or service simple and understandable.  Make the product, process, or service customer-based.  Start small.  Aim high.  Try/test/revise.  Learn from failures  Follow a milestone schedule.  Reward heroic activity.  Work, work, work. © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–23
  • 24. Key Terms and Concepts • appositional relationship • invention • creative process • left brain • creativity • muddling mind-sets • duplication • opportunity identification • extension • probability thinking • functional perspective • right brain • incongruities • stereotyping • innovation • synthesis © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5–24