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BabesUriel Llagas
BabesUriel Llagas

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PHYSICS 2
ELECTROMAGNETISM ,[object Object]
History of Electromagnetism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],History
Electric Charge ,[object Object],[object Object]
Two kind of Electric charge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + F F F Repulsion Attraction F
Charged Particles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Quantization of charge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Q = n e ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample problem: ,[object Object],[object Object]
CHARGING There are different ways of making an object positively and negatively charged.
Charging by Friction ,[object Object]
Charging by Contact ,[object Object]
Charging by Induction ,[object Object]
Electricity conduction ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Every materials can be classified accordingly:
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
State that the Force between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. COULOMB’ S LAW
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object]
[object Object],- + F r Q 1 Q 2 Electrical & Static Force
BOHR RADIUS
Notation of Electrostatic Force ,[object Object],+ - + - - + r r r F F F F F F
Sample problem: ,[object Object],+ + - 0.2 m 0.3 m Q 1 = 1.0 nC Q 2 = 3.0 nC Q 3 = 2.0 nC
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Problem solving: Q 1 = +3µC Q 1 = -5µC Q 1 = +8µC 20 mm 35 mm
ELECTRIC FIELDS
Force at a Distance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Law of Gravitation ,[object Object]
Equations: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electric Field ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
+ +Charge Electric Fields
Where: E = Electric field Q = Charge r = radius of the field k = proportionality constant Electric field equation
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],+Q -Q P P
Drawing Electric Field Lines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],+ 2+
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],[object Object]
GAUSS’ LAW ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Electric Flux ( Φ )
GAUSS’ LAW ,[object Object],E A
[object Object],A E
[object Object],A E
Sample problem: ,[object Object]
Gaussian surface ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Net flux ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
No enclosed charge (Zero flux) Positive charge enclosed (Positive flux) Negative charge enclosed (Negative flux)
Sample problem: ,[object Object],- - - + + Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 5
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Work done in Electric Field ,[object Object],[object Object]
Conclusion: ,[object Object],[object Object]
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SAMPLE PROBLEM: ,[object Object]
Electric Potential and Electric Field ,[object Object],[object Object]
SAMPLE PROBLEM: ,[object Object],[object Object]
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Potential Difference ( ∆V) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SAMPLE PROBLEM: ,[object Object]
POTENTIAL FOR MULTIPLE CHARGES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SAMPLE PROBLEM: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CAPACITOR
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Plates
CAPACITANCE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Capacitance for parallel plates capacitors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],+ Q - Q A r
Sample problem: ,[object Object]
DIELECTRIC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dielectric Constant ,[object Object],Where: k = dielectric constant C = Capacitance if there is dielectric C 0 = capacitance without dielectric
[object Object],[object Object],Where: k = dielectric constant ε = Capacitance if there is dielectric ε 0 = capacitance without dielectric = 8.85 x 10 -12 C 2 /Nm 2
Dielectric Materials PLATE PLATE + -
Sample problem: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCE ,[object Object],C T V T C 1 C 3 C 2 V T
Capacitors in Series Connection ,[object Object],C 1 C 3 C 2 V T
[object Object]
Capacitors in Parallel connection ,[object Object],C 1 C 2 C 3 V T
[object Object]
SAMPLE PROBLEM: ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],5mF 4mF 18mF
ELECTRIC CURRENT A flow of charge from one place to another. The unit is Ampere , which equal to a flow of 1 coulomb per second.
Moving charges as a current ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
When moving charges is not a current ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electric current in a conductor ,[object Object],Isolated conductor charges
[object Object],Battery + - Conductor Charges Direction of charges
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
- - - - - - t = t 0 t = t 0 + 1 s plane plane
[object Object],a b c a’ b’ c’ I I
Sample problem: ,[object Object]
Current is a scalar quantity ,[object Object],[object Object]
I 0 I 1 I 2 I 0 = I 1 + I 2
DIRECTION OF CURRENT ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Drift Speed ,[object Object],Where: I = electric current (A) n = charge concentration v d = drift velocity (m/s) e = charge of electron A = cross-sectional area of conductor(m 2 ) ,[object Object],I in I in A
Current Density ,[object Object],[object Object],Where: I = electric current (A) J = current density (A/m 2 ) n = charge concentration v d = drift velocity (m/s) e = charge of electron A = cross-sectional area of conductor(m 2 )
Sample Problem: ,[object Object]
Types of Current ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Alternating Current I (A) t (s) I (A) t (s)
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
Electric Resistance ,[object Object],[object Object],Where: R = Resistance (Ohm, Ω ) ρ = resistivity ( Ω m) L = Length of the wire (m) A = cross-sectional area of a wire(m 2 )
0.0038 1.6 x 10-8 Silver 0.0036 11 x 10-8 Platinum 0.00088 98 x 10-8 Mercury 0.0043 21 x 10-8 Lead 0.005 12 x 10-8 Iron 0.0039 1.7 x 10-8 Copper 0.0039 2.6 x 10-8 Aluminum α (k -1 ) ρ (Ω.m) Substance and their temperature coefficient. Approximate resistivities (at 20 0 C)
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],ρ L A
Resistivity & Conductivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Conducting material Electric field
[object Object],[object Object],Where: ρ = resistivity ( Ω m) E = electric field (N/c) J = current density (A/m 2 )
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Variation of Resistivity with Temperature ,[object Object],400 200 0 1200 1400 2 8 0 4 6 10 600 800 1000 Resistivity 10 -8 Ω m Room temperature Temperature (Kelvin)
Variation of Resistivity with Temperature ,[object Object],Where: ρ = resistivity ( Ω m) ρ 0 = resistivity at room temperature ( Ω m) T = temperature (Kelvin,K) T 0 = room temperature (K) α = coefficient of resistivity (K -1 )
[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object]
Ohm’s Law ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Current Potential Difference graph of a 1000 W resistor , an Ohmic device. -4 -2 0 +2 +4 -2 +2 0 Current (mA) Potential Difference (V)
Current vs Potential Difference graph of a pn junction diode , a non-ohmic device. -4 -2 0 +2 +4 -2 +2 0 Current (mA) Potential Difference (V)
Single Loop Circuit ,[object Object],[object Object],EMF Device Maintain potential difference. Provides steady flow of charge. EMF stand for Electromotive force . R EMF I + - + - I
The Resistor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electromotive Force ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],EMF
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],EMF r i
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Resistors in Single Loop Circuit
[object Object],Resistors in Series Circuit. R 3 V T I T + - + R 2 + R 1 + - - - R T
Equivalent resistance in a Series Circuit
Sample problem: ,[object Object]
[object Object],R 3 V T I T + - + R 2 + R 1 + - - - R T I 3 I 2 I 1
Equivalent resistance in a Parallel Circuit
Sample problem: ,[object Object]
Resistors in Single Loop Circuit ,[object Object],R 3 V T I T + - + R 2 + R 1 + - - - R T
POWER IN CIRCUITS
The Power in the Circuits ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Q
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object]
MULTILOOP CIRCUIT ,[object Object],[object Object]
What happen when one component in a series circuit was cut-off?
What happen when one component in a multiloop circuit was cut-off?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Junction current
GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],KIRCHHOFF’S LAW R 2 + Emf 1 + - R 1 + Emf 2 + - R 3 + Loop 1 Loop 2 I 1 I 2 I 3 -
[object Object],R 2 + ε 1 + - R 1 + ε 2 + - R 3 Junction point I 1 I 3 I 2 +
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],10 Ω + 9v + - 15 Ω + 12v + - 5 Ω I 1 I 3 I 2 +
RC CIRCUIT (Resistor and Capacitor in a circuit)
[object Object],R + - C S 1 S 2 ε + - Where: ε = Batteries (Emf) S 1 & S 2 = Switches R = Resistor C = Capacitor Open Close
Charging a capacitor R + - C S 1 S 2 ε + - I I I I I closed open Where: V R = Potential difference across the resistor. V C = Potential difference across the capacitor. I
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAGNETISM
Introduction to Magnetism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Magnetic field of magnets ,[object Object],[object Object],N S N S N S Bar Magnet Horseshoe Magnet C-shaped Magnet
[object Object],[object Object]
N S Magnetic field Magnetic field
Rules in drawing magnetic field lines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polarity of Magnet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
N N N S S S N N N S S S REPULSION REPULSION ATTRACTION
Definition of Magnetic Field ,[object Object],[object Object],Where: F = Magnetic force (Newton) q = charge (coulomb) v = velocity (m/s) β = Magnetic field (Tesla)
[object Object],[object Object],Where: θ is the angle between velocity and magnetic field.
Right-hand-rule: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object]
Magnetic Force ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Where: F = magnetic force (Newton) I = current (ampere) L = Length of the conductor inside the magnetic field (meter) β = Magnetic field (Tesla)
[object Object],[object Object],Where: θ = is the angle between the wire and the magnetic field.
Sample Problem: ,[object Object]
Magnetic field of Earth ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conductors with Current
Conductors with Current ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Straight Conductor ,[object Object],β I Conductor
Single-Loop Conductor ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],I β
Solinoid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],C
[object Object],[object Object]
Moving Charged Particles
Moving Charged Particles ,[object Object],[object Object],+ - Positive charge : Use Right-Hand-Rule Negative charge : Use Left-Hand-Rule
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],E 1 E 2 E 3 + + + + + + E 1 E 2 E 3
Calculating the Magnetic Field ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],r d β I dl
[object Object],r I dl
[object Object],[object Object],I β r
[object Object],[object Object],R r Outside Inside I β
[object Object],[object Object],I r Ø
Complete circular loop I I r
[object Object],z r I
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parallel Current ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],L I a I b d
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Magnetic Materials ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],+ - I
Types of Magnetic Materials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Assignment: Research “Types of magnetic materials” Computerized, Short Bond paper. To be submitted next meeting.
Field Symmetry ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N S
β β β β A A A β β
Conducting loop in a magnetic field ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Note: Changing magnetic field generates electric field. N S
Law of Induction
Faraday’s Law ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lenz’s Law ,[object Object]
[object Object],S N β S N β S N β β ind β ind I = 0 I I (A) (B) (C) No motion β increasing in the loop β decreasing in the loop
Problem Solving: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Inductance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Inductor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problem Solving: ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Self-inductance
[object Object],I I CURRENT DECREASING CURRENT INCREASING ε L ε L ε L ε L
[object Object]
[object Object],Inductance L Inductor If the current is increasing then the voltage Opposing that Change is created By the magnetic Field of the coil.
Mutual-Inductance (M) ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alternating Current ,[object Object],[object Object],I t
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Where: W d = Angle of frequency of the emf t = time ε m = amplitude of the emf
[object Object]
Oscillating Circuit
Resistive Load ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],R I I ε
Capacitive Load ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C I I ε
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Inductive Load ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],I I ε L
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RLC Series Circuit ,[object Object],ε L R C I I I I
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Problem: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transformer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
input output Primary winding Secondary winding core Magnetic flux Transformer
Characteristic of an Ideal Transformer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transformation of voltage and current ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Problem Solving: ,[object Object]
Nature of Waves
Waves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Waves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wave propagation Wave propagation Wave propagation Particle motion Particle motion Particle motion Undisturbed position Undisturbed position Undisturbed position
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wave propagation Wave propagation Wave propagation Particle motion Particle motion Particle motion Undisturbed position Undisturbed position Undisturbed position
Properties of Wave ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
λ λ A A crest trough
m/s v speed Meter (m) A amplitude /s, s -1 Hertz (Hz) f frequency Second (s) T Period Meter (m) λ Wavelength relation unit Symbol Quantity
Problem Solving: ,[object Object]
Behavior of Wave ,[object Object],[object Object],Incident Refracted Medium 1 Medium 2
[object Object],[object Object],Incident Reflected Medium 1 Medium 2
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],wavefronts slit obstacle Diffracted wave
Electromagnetic Wave ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Electric field Magnetic field Direction Wavelength
Speed in a vacuum Where: c= speed of the electromagnetic waves (m/s) E=electric field (V/m) β = magnetic field (Weber/m 2 ) ε o = permitivity constant μ o = permeability constant
Problem Solving: ,[object Object]
Electromagnetic Spectrum ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wavelength and frequency ,[object Object],Where: f = frequency of the wave (Hz) c = speed of the EM wave in a vacuum λ = wavelength (m)
Problem Solving: ,[object Object],[object Object]
Visible Light
Visible Light ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Optics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reflection of Light ,[object Object]
θ i θ r θ i = 0 θ r = 0 Mirror A The light is parallel to The plane of mirror. No Reflection. Mirror B Light is reflected at an angle. θ i = θ r A B Mirror C Incident and reflected Light are both perpendicular To the plane of mirror. θ i - θ r =0 C
Refraction of Light ,[object Object],Where: θ i = angle of incident ray θ r = angle of refraction ray n i & n r = indices of refraction
AIR WATER Incident ray Refracted ray θ i θ r
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Where: c = 3.00 x10 8 m/s light in vacuum. v = speed of light in the medium.
Sample Problem: ,[object Object]
Mirrors ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Plane mirror
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Concave mirror Convex mirror Principal Axis Principal Axis
Parts of a mirror ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problem Solving: ,[object Object]
Mirrors Image Formation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
V Mirror C F For Concave Mirror Principal axis R f Object
V Mirror C F For Convex Mirror Principal axis f Object
Mirror Equation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
V Mirror C For Concave Mirror Principal axis p f Object q F Image
Ray Diagram Method (RDM) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RDM V Mirror C Principal axis Y F Image 1 st Ray 2 nd Ray 3 rd Ray Object Concave Mirror
Problem Solving: ,[object Object]
LENSES ,[object Object]
Thin Lens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Meniscus Piano-convex Double-convex
[object Object],[object Object],Meniscus Piano-concave Double-concave
Parts of Lenses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Converging lens F 1 F 2 f f Optic axis
[object Object],[object Object],F 2 F 1 f f F 2 F 1 f f Optic axis Optic axis
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Image formation by Thin Lenses
Real Image F 1 F 2 Object Image f f p q Optic axis
Virtual Image F 1 Object F 2 f f Image p q Optic axis
Diverging lens F 1 F 2 f f Optic axis
[object Object],[object Object],F 2 F 1 f f F 2 F 1 f f Optic axis Optic axis
Image formation by Thin Lenses F 1 F 2 Object Image f f p q The image formed by a diverging lens is always virtual. Optic axis
Lens Equation Thin Lens equation: Lateral magnification:
Problem Solving: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lenses and Mirror ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Physics

  • 2.
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  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + F F F Repulsion Attraction F
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. CHARGING There are different ways of making an object positively and negatively charged.
  • 13.
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  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. State that the Force between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. COULOMB’ S LAW
  • 21.
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  • 25.
  • 26.
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  • 32.
  • 34. Where: E = Electric field Q = Charge r = radius of the field k = proportionality constant Electric field equation
  • 35.
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  • 40.
  • 41.
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  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47. No enclosed charge (Zero flux) Positive charge enclosed (Positive flux) Negative charge enclosed (Negative flux)
  • 48.
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  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84. ELECTRIC CURRENT A flow of charge from one place to another. The unit is Ampere , which equal to a flow of 1 coulomb per second.
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
  • 89.
  • 90. - - - - - - t = t 0 t = t 0 + 1 s plane plane
  • 91.
  • 92.
  • 93.
  • 94. I 0 I 1 I 2 I 0 = I 1 + I 2
  • 95.
  • 96.
  • 97.
  • 98.
  • 99.
  • 100.
  • 101.
  • 102.
  • 104.
  • 105. 0.0038 1.6 x 10-8 Silver 0.0036 11 x 10-8 Platinum 0.00088 98 x 10-8 Mercury 0.0043 21 x 10-8 Lead 0.005 12 x 10-8 Iron 0.0039 1.7 x 10-8 Copper 0.0039 2.6 x 10-8 Aluminum α (k -1 ) ρ (Ω.m) Substance and their temperature coefficient. Approximate resistivities (at 20 0 C)
  • 106.
  • 107.
  • 108.
  • 109.
  • 110.
  • 111.
  • 112.
  • 113.
  • 114.
  • 115.
  • 116. Current Potential Difference graph of a 1000 W resistor , an Ohmic device. -4 -2 0 +2 +4 -2 +2 0 Current (mA) Potential Difference (V)
  • 117. Current vs Potential Difference graph of a pn junction diode , a non-ohmic device. -4 -2 0 +2 +4 -2 +2 0 Current (mA) Potential Difference (V)
  • 118.
  • 119.
  • 120.
  • 121.
  • 122.
  • 123.
  • 124.
  • 125. Resistors in Single Loop Circuit
  • 126.
  • 127. Equivalent resistance in a Series Circuit
  • 128.
  • 129.
  • 130. Equivalent resistance in a Parallel Circuit
  • 131.
  • 132.
  • 133. POWER IN CIRCUITS
  • 134.
  • 135.
  • 136.
  • 137.
  • 138.
  • 139.
  • 140. What happen when one component in a series circuit was cut-off?
  • 141. What happen when one component in a multiloop circuit was cut-off?
  • 142.
  • 143.
  • 144.
  • 145.
  • 146.
  • 147. RC CIRCUIT (Resistor and Capacitor in a circuit)
  • 148.
  • 149. Charging a capacitor R + - C S 1 S 2 ε + - I I I I I closed open Where: V R = Potential difference across the resistor. V C = Potential difference across the capacitor. I
  • 150.
  • 151.
  • 152.
  • 153.
  • 154.
  • 156.
  • 157.
  • 158.
  • 159. N S Magnetic field Magnetic field
  • 160.
  • 161.
  • 162. N N N S S S N N N S S S REPULSION REPULSION ATTRACTION
  • 163.
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  • 174.
  • 175. Conductors with Current
  • 176.
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  • 200.
  • 201.
  • 202.
  • 203. β β β β A A A β β
  • 204.
  • 205. Note: Changing magnetic field generates electric field. N S
  • 206. Law of Induction
  • 207.
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  • 235.
  • 236.
  • 237.
  • 238. input output Primary winding Secondary winding core Magnetic flux Transformer
  • 239.
  • 240.
  • 241.
  • 242.
  • 243.
  • 245.
  • 246.
  • 247. Wave propagation Wave propagation Wave propagation Particle motion Particle motion Particle motion Undisturbed position Undisturbed position Undisturbed position
  • 248.
  • 249. Wave propagation Wave propagation Wave propagation Particle motion Particle motion Particle motion Undisturbed position Undisturbed position Undisturbed position
  • 250.
  • 251.
  • 252.
  • 253.
  • 254.
  • 255. λ λ A A crest trough
  • 256. m/s v speed Meter (m) A amplitude /s, s -1 Hertz (Hz) f frequency Second (s) T Period Meter (m) λ Wavelength relation unit Symbol Quantity
  • 257.
  • 258.
  • 259.
  • 260.
  • 261.
  • 262.
  • 263.
  • 264.
  • 265.
  • 266.
  • 267. Speed in a vacuum Where: c= speed of the electromagnetic waves (m/s) E=electric field (V/m) β = magnetic field (Weber/m 2 ) ε o = permitivity constant μ o = permeability constant
  • 268.
  • 269.
  • 270.
  • 271.
  • 273.
  • 274.
  • 275.
  • 276. θ i θ r θ i = 0 θ r = 0 Mirror A The light is parallel to The plane of mirror. No Reflection. Mirror B Light is reflected at an angle. θ i = θ r A B Mirror C Incident and reflected Light are both perpendicular To the plane of mirror. θ i - θ r =0 C
  • 277.
  • 278. AIR WATER Incident ray Refracted ray θ i θ r
  • 279.
  • 280.
  • 281.
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  • 285.
  • 286.
  • 287.
  • 288.
  • 289.
  • 290.
  • 291.
  • 292. V Mirror C F For Concave Mirror Principal axis R f Object
  • 293. V Mirror C F For Convex Mirror Principal axis f Object
  • 294.
  • 295. V Mirror C For Concave Mirror Principal axis p f Object q F Image
  • 296.
  • 297. RDM V Mirror C Principal axis Y F Image 1 st Ray 2 nd Ray 3 rd Ray Object Concave Mirror
  • 298.
  • 299.
  • 300.
  • 301.
  • 302.
  • 303.
  • 304.
  • 305. Converging lens F 1 F 2 f f Optic axis
  • 306.
  • 307.
  • 308. Real Image F 1 F 2 Object Image f f p q Optic axis
  • 309. Virtual Image F 1 Object F 2 f f Image p q Optic axis
  • 310. Diverging lens F 1 F 2 f f Optic axis
  • 311.
  • 312. Image formation by Thin Lenses F 1 F 2 Object Image f f p q The image formed by a diverging lens is always virtual. Optic axis
  • 313. Lens Equation Thin Lens equation: Lateral magnification:
  • 314.
  • 315.