Linked Data and Images: Building Blocks for Cultural Heritage

Linked Data and Images: Building Blocks for Digital Cultural Heritage
Information Access Seminar, UC Berkeley, 18th of April 2014
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Linked Data and Images:
Building Blocks for Digital Cultural Heritage
Robert Sanderson
azaroth42@gmail.com
azaroth@stanford.edu
t: @azaroth42
Digital Library Systems and Services
Stanford University
http://iiif.io/
This research was primarily funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

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Linked Data
Linked data is the super-structure over
which content is stretched and experiences
flow. We can move beyond classifying
content using just hierarchies and start
describing the real world richness that
connects our content together.
“ ”
-- Dan Ramsden, BBC
http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/technology/article/art20130720153136618

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Linked Data

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Linked Data

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Linked Data

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Everything Needs an Identifier
Imagine the reader’s / listener’s surprise to have these two confused...
Audre Lorde
1934-1992 Civil Rights Activist
Lorde
2012- Kiwi Solo Artist

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Everything Needs an Identifier
Or these two.
Lordi
1992- Finnish Heavy Metal
Lorde
2012- Kiwi Solo Artist

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Identifiers: Building Blocks of Linked Data

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Building Blocks of Linked Data
The ability to bring resources together,
regardless of where they are on the web,
is crucial for cultural heritage

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Building Blocks of Linked Data
We can re-use blocks from different sets together
making new applications from existing data

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Linked Data for Cultural Heritage
Dublin Core FOAF RDF/S
OAI-ORE
Europeana
Data Model
Digital Manuscripts
to Europeana
DPLA
Data Model

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OAI-ORE
Europeana
Data Model
Digital Manuscripts
to Europeana
DPLA
Data Model

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Europeana

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Europeana -> Manuscriptorium

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Manuscriptorium

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OAI-ORE
Europeana
Data Model
Digital Manuscripts
to Europeana
DPLA
Data Model

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DPLA

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DPLA -> Harvard

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Harvard

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DPLA

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DPLA -> South Carolina

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Meet Otto and Ben
Otto Ege,
20th c. Biblioclast
Ben Albritton
21st c. Manuscript
Scholar

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Meet Otto and Ben
Otto Ege,
20th c. Biblioclast
Ben Albritton
21st c. Manuscript
Scholar

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Otto Ege MS 1, as of 1940

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Remnants of Otto Ege MS 1, as of 2014

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Stanford’s Leaves of Ege MS 1

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Welcome to Silo-ville
Grain elevators, Caldwell, Idaho, by Lee Russell, 1941. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/fsac.1a34206/

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Grain elevators, Caldwell, Idaho, by Lee Russell, 1941. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/fsac.1a34206/
?

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•  Every repository a silo à no interoperability
•  Every app a one-off à massive overheads
•  Every user forced to cope à much frustration
Parker
Data Store
Parker App
Rose
Data Store
Rose App
BnF
Data Store
Gallica
St. Gall
Data Store
St. Gall App
X
Data Store
App X

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Enter: IIIF
International Image Interoperability Framework
A global framework by which image-based resources
…from any participating institution can be
delivered in a standard way
…via any compatible image server
…for display, manipulation and
annotation in any application,
…to any user on the Web,
…in any combination of elements.

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•  ARTstor
•  Bibliothèque Nationale de
France
•  Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
University
•  British Library
•  Cambridge University
•  Cornell University
•  DPLA
•  Europeana
•  e-codices
•  Harvard University
•  Johns Hopkins University
•  le Louvre
•  National Library of Denmark
•  National Library of New Zealand
•  National Library of Norway
•  National Library of Wales
•  Princeton University
•  St. Louis University, TPEN
•  Stanford University
•  Wellcome Trust
•  UK National Archives
•  Yale University

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•  ARTstor
•  Bibliothèque Nationale de
France
•  Bodleian Libraries, Oxford
University
•  British Library
•  Cambridge University
•  Cornell University
•  DPLA
•  Europeana
•  e-codices
•  Harvard University
•  Johns Hopkins University
•  le Louvre
•  National Library of Denmark
•  National Library of New Zealand
•  National Library of Norway
•  National Library of Wales
•  Princeton University
•  St. Louis University, TPEN
•  Stanford University
•  Wellcome Trust
•  UK National Archives
•  Yale University
•  Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley?

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OAI-ORE
Europeana
Data Model
Digital Manuscripts
to Europeana
Open
Annotation
EXIF
IIIF
Image
Shared Canvas
IIIF Presentation API

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OAI-ORE
Europeana
Data Model
Digital Manuscripts
to Europeana
Shared Canvas
Open
Annotation
EXIF
IIIF
Image

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Shared Canvas / IIIF Presentation API
Just enough metadata to support a client presenting the digital
Cultural Heritage Object for the user to understand what she is
interacting with
Why “Presentation API”?
•  NOT a[nother] full semantic, bibliographic metadata “standard”
•  NOT (necessarily) an internal format: transform into it
•  Linked Open Data (RDF)
•  Rationalization of (abstract) Shared Canvas data model
•  Full support for annotation via Open Annotation
•  http://iiif.io/api/metadata/1.0/

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Shared Canvas
• A Canvas is an empty space in which to build up a display

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Shared Canvas
• A Canvas is an empty space in which to build up a display
• A SharedCanvas's top left and bottom right corners correspond to
the equivalent corners of a page

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Shared Canvas / Open Annotation
•  Annotation links Image with Canvas

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•  Annotation links Text with Canvas

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Benefits of Canvas Notion
Multiple Images of same page
•  Multi-spectral imaging, multiple digitizations, …
Archimedes Palimpsest Multi-Spectral Images
http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/

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No image of the page
•  Hypothetical, lost, too fragile to digitize, …
This page intentionally,
but unfortunately,
left blank
Countless manuscripts, all around the world!

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Partial images
•  Fragments of page, details in high resolution, …

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Non Image and External content
•  Text – transcription, translation, edition, …
•  Non-text transcription: diagrams, music
•  Non text performance: audio, video

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Content for a single canvas can come from multiple “repositories”
•  Actually, all around the web…

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Content for a single canvas can come from multiple “repositories”
•  Actually, all around the web…

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Shared Canvas: Primary Resources

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Shared Canvas: Metadata

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Shared Canvas: All Resources

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IIIF Presentation API: URI Structure
Base URL: {scheme}://{host}{/prefix}/{identifier}!
!
Resources:
{base}/manifest.json!
{base}/sequence/{name}.json!
{base}/canvas/{name}.json!
{base}/annotation/{name}.json !

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IIIF Presentation API: Response
Syntax: JSON-LD!
{ // Canvas example!
"@context":"http://www.shared-canvas.org/ns/context.json",!
"@id":"http://www.example.org/iiif/book1/canvas/p1.json",!
"@type":"sc:Canvas”,!
"label":"p. 1”,!
"height":1000,!
"width":750,!
"images": [!
{"@type":"oa:Annotation”,!
// annotation linking image to canvas …!
}],!
"otherContent": [!
{"@type":"sc:AnnotationList",!
// reference to list of non-image annotations …!
}]!
} !
!
!

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Rant: RDF Serialization
“RDF/XML was the Semantic Web’s 3 Mile Island incident”
-- Manu Sporny, http://manu.sporny.org/2012/nuclear-rdf/
Or … RDF – Not in my back yard!
•  Serializing a graph is, admittedly, hard
•  RDF/XML is terrible, and too many others
•  Web currently uses JSON as convenient transfer syntax
•  JSON-LD allows transfer of RDF in syntax that does not require full
RDF stack, just a JSON implementation
•  … as available in every web browser
•  Conclusion: Require JSON-LD
•  http://json-ld.org/

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JSON-LD Context Magic
{ // Canvas example!
"@context":"http://www.shared-canvas.org/ns/context.json",!
!
!
@context provides mapping for JSON keys into RDF.
!
"sc":"http://www.shared-canvas.org/ns/",!
"oa":"http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#",!
"service":{!
"@type":"@id", !
"@id":"sc:hasRelatedService"},!
"height":{!
"@type":"xsd:integer", !
"@id":"exif:height"},!
"sequences":{!
"@type":"@id",!
"@id":"sc:hasSequences",!
"@container":"@list"} !

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OAI-ORE
Europeana
Data Model
Digital Manuscripts
to Europeana
Open
Annotation
EXIF
IIIF
Image
Shared Canvas

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Open Annotation: Community Group
Established W3C Community Group in 2011
Now 4th Largest of 174 groups: 125 participants
W3C in the process of starting an Annotation Working Group
http://www.w3.org/community/openannotation/
Interoperability between Annotation systems and platforms, by
…following the Architecture of the Web
…reusing existing web standards
…providing a single, coherent model to implement
…which is orthogonal to the domain of interest
…without requiring adoption of specific platforms
…while maintaining low implementation costs
Mission:

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Open Annotation: Basic Data Model
http://www.openannotation.org/spec/core/

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Open Annotation: Basic Data Model

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Open Annotation: Specific Resources
Specific Body and Specific Target resources identify the region of
interest, and/or the state of the resource.
Need to be able to describe the state of the resource, the segment
of interest, and potentially styling hints for how to render it.
We introduce:
State Describes how to retrieve representation
Selector Describes how to select segment
Style Describes how to render/process segment
Scope Describes context of the resource

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Open Annotation: Specific Resources

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OAI-ORE
Europeana
Data Model
Digital Manuscripts
to Europeana
Open
Annotation
EXIF
IIIF
Image
Shared Canvas

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IIIF Image API
Base URL: {scheme}://{host}{/prefix}/{identifier}!
Image Resource:
{base}/{region}/{size}/{rotation}/{quality}.{format}!
!

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IIIF Image API: Region
Image Resource:
!
!
•  Full Image:
{base}/full/full/0/native.jpg!
!
•  Area by Pixels:
{base}/100,100,640,480/full/0/native.jpg!
!
•  Area by Percentage:
{base}/pct:50,50,33,33/full/0/native.jpg!

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IIIF Image API: Size
Image Resource:
!
•  Full Image:
•  Size by Pixels, forced aspect:
{base}/full/640,480/0/native.jpg!
•  Size by Pixels, aspect preserved:
{base}/full/!640,480/0/native.jpg!
•  Size by Percentage:
{base}/full/pct:50/0/native.jpg!
•  Size by Width, or by Height: !
{base}/full/,480/0/native.jpg!
{base}/full/640,/0/native.jpg !

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IIIF Image API: Rotation
Image Resource:
!
•  Full Image:
!
•  90 degree Rotation:
!
•  Arbitrary Rotation:
{base}/full/full/27.6/native.jpg!
!
!
!

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IIIF Image API: Quality
Image Resource:
!
•  Full Image:
!
•  Explicit Option:
{base}/full/full/0/color.jpg!
{base}/full/full/0/grey.jpg!
{base}/full/full/0/bitonal.jpg!
!
!

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IIIF Image API: Format
Image Resource:
!
•  Full Image:
!
•  Other Options:
{base}/full/full/0/native.png!
{base}/full/full/0/native.tif!
{base}/full/full/0/native.gif!
{base}/full/full/0/native.jp2!
{base}/full/full/0/native.pdf!
!
!

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IIIF Image API: Technical Info
Information Resource, in JSON-LD:
{base}/info.json!
!
!
!
!
!
{!
"@context":"http://library.stanford.edu/iiif/image-api/1.1/context.json",!
"@id":"http://www.example.org/iiif/book1-p1",!
"height": 6000,!
"width": 4000,!
"scale_factors": [ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],!
"tile_height": 512,!
"tile_width": 512,!
"formats": ["jpg", "png", "gif" ],!
"qualities": ["native", "color", "grey", "bitonal"],!
"profile": "http://library.stanford.edu/iiif/image-api/1.1/ 
compliance.html#level1"!
} !
!
!

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IIIF Application: Mise-en-Page

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IIIF Application: Mirador

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IIIF Application: Mirador (MeP fork)

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Otto Ege MS 1, Reconstructed, in 2014

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Otto Ege MS 1, Reconstructed, in 2014

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Linked Data and Images: Building Blocks for Cultural Heritage

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Thank You
Robert Sanderson
azaroth42@gmail.com
azaroth@stanford.edu
@azaroth42
Web: http://iiif.io/
http://www.shared-canvas.org/
http://www.openannotation.org/
Slides: http://slidesha.re/xxxyyy
Apologies for unattributed images!

Linked Data and Images: Building Blocks for Cultural Heritage

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