Growth and authorship pattern of Norovirus research output.pdf

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GROWTH AND AUTHORSHIP PATTERN OF NOROVIRUS RESEARCH OUTPUT: A
SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY
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Handbook of Metric Studies for Library and Information Science Scholars
Dr. U. Pramanathan, Dr. R. Kavitha, Dr. G. Stephen & Mr. M. Selvam ISBN:978-81-944843-6-3 Page 70
GROWTH AND AUTHORSHIP PATTERN OF NOROVIRUS RESEARCH
OUTPUT: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY
Ayyanar K
Ph.D. Research Scholar, DLISc, Alagappa University,
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
Mercy Clarance M
Ph.D. Research Scholar, DLISc, Alagappa University,
Alagu A
Adjunct Faculty, DLISc, Alagappa University
Abstract
This study analyzes the research output of Norovirus worldwide. The study period covers the
years from 2015to 2019. A total of 2683 data were mainly collected from the web of science databases
and based on data analyzed by using Histcite software. MS Excel 2010 and Vos viewer was used
tabulation and network visualization. Research had been done to identify the development of large
data research output at a global level. A total of 2683 records were collected from the Norovirus
Research database for the study by searching the keyword Norovirus 1371(51.10%), and the other
keywords being Virus. The Author- wise distribution of the publication showed that Vinje J occupied
the first position with publications 64(2.38%) and Jiang X is in the second position with 43(1.60%)
followed by Hall AJ, Atmar RL, and others. Jaykus LA occupied the last position with 26 publications
(0.96%). The year-wise distribution of documents in Norovirus Research revealed that the year 2015
and 2019 occupied the first position and the output was increased (50.46%) compared to 2015 and
2019. Research productivity in Norovirus research is growing.
Keywords: Scientometric, Norovirus, Research Output, web of Science, Authorship pattern, Degree
of collaboration.
1. Introduction
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of nonbacterial, self-limiting
gastrointestinal illness worldwide. 1- 4 Infected persons may develop symptoms of
severe nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea within 12–24 hours of exposure and
typically remain symptomatic for 1–2 days. Infections may lead to death in
immunocompromised persons. The most common routes of norovirus transmission
are the ingestion of contaminated food and water and person-to-person contact.5 In
developing countries, where the greatest burden of diarrheal disease occurs,
noroviruses have been estimated to cause up to 200 000 deaths each year in children
<5 years of age.6 Suggested that up to 5 billion infectious doses may be shed by an
infected individual in each gram of feces. Second, noroviruses are environmentally
stable, able to survive both freezing and heating (although not thorough cooking),
are resistant to many common chemical disinfectants and can persist on surfaces for
up to 2 weeks. 7

Third, there are amyriad of ways in which noroviruses may be spread, including
direct contact between hosts via fecal-oral transmission, ingestion of contaminated
foods or water, handling of contaminated fomites followed by hand-to-mouth
contact, and—unique among enteric pathogens—via ingestion of aerosolized
particles. 8 Although not conclusive, these data suggest that in humans, the virus
replicates in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum). Experiments
with recombinant Norwalk virus (NV) particles and human gastrointestinal biopsies
showed preferential binding to epithelial cells of the pyloric region of the stomach
and to enterocytes on duodenal villi. Attachment to the cells was found to correlate
with H type 1 antigen expression and occurred only to cells from histo-blood group
antigen-secreting individuals. 9
The complex and varied transmission webs through which noroviruses are
spread make the development of effective prevention and control measures a
daunting task. The current pillars of norovirus control rely on relatively generic
measures, such as hand hygiene, environmental disinfection, and isolation of
infected individuals.10 However, because of the challenges in modifying human
behaviors and the knowledge gaps resulting from our inability to cultivate human
noroviruses in vitro, these steps are all too often inadequate. As the investigation by
Repp and Keene highlights.11 unique vehicles of transmission and exposure
scenarios will continually arise that may circumvent our standard control efforts.
Ultimately, a targeted vaccine intervention may be necessary to achieve a significant
reduction in norovirus disease and prevent outbreaks. Recent evidence from a
candidate norovirus vaccine trial demonstrated a proof of concept that this may
indeed be an effective prevention strategy.12
2. Review of Literature
Garg and Padhi (1999)13 analysed laser research literature output, indicates that
14 countries contributed approximately 94% of the research output, the United States
tops, Japan and the former Soviet Union. Technical reports and patents, besides
articles in scientific journals, constitute the main source of information on laser
science and technology. "Laser Release Spectroscopy" was a sub-speciality that has
gained maximum importance. The United States has given almost equal importance
to the theoretical, experimental, and applications of laser research, while it does not
apply to other countries. For the USSR, China and India, the impact of the research is
not consistent with the publication effort.
Vellaichamy and Jeyshankar (2018)14 studied quantitatively the growth and
development of world literature on hemophilia in terms of publications output as
per SCOPUS database (2003-2017). A total of 13503 papers were published by the
scientists in the field of hemophilia. They were found that average number of papers
published per year, highest number of publications, contributions, countries
involved in the research in this field. USA tops producing country with 3986
authorships (29.52%) followed by United Kingdom with 1438 authorships (10.65%).

Still, in an international sense, relative productivity of India is low and requires more
focused research and development.
Alex, P., & Preedip Balaji, B. (2010)15 has aimed to map the climate change
research output from India for the period 2005-2009. It examined the key factors
including a number of works published on the topic of climate change science and
the journals publishing this research work and their position in rankings. Climate
change research in India was mapped based on papers abstracted in the ISI Science
Citation Index (SCI). There were 25,081 publications published all over the world
and Indian subcontinents have published 391 papers, and there were published
more than 101scholarly journals. The scope of the paper was limited to studying the
growth and dynamics of Indian research output in climate change research of a five
year period.
Amsaveni & Ramesh (2016)16 analyze the graph of research productivity in
forensic science. A total of 10464 research papers were contributed by scientists from
the marked period of study. The study found that the relative growth rates have
declined from -0.482 in 1989 to 0.04 in 2010, it was also found the degree of
collaboration 0.83, Budowle, B. was the most productive author from Canada and
got the rank first, and ―Journal of Forensic Science‖ and ―Forensic Science
International‖ were found as the highest research contributing and citations
receiving journals during the period of study.
3. The Objective of the Study
 To analyze the growth of the publication of Norovirus research output during
the year 2015-2019;
 To evaluate the extent of authorship pattern and collaboration. i.e. Single Vs.
Multiple authors in the field of Norovirus research;
 To find out the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Doubling Time (Dt) of year-
wise distribution and
 To identify the author's productivity and degree of collaboration with
Norovirus Research Publication;
 To identify the country-wise distribution of Norovirus output;
4. Methodology
This study has assumed with the purpose of finding out the Norovirus research
in scientometrics. It also focuses on the past area of Norovirus research publications
in scientometrics based on the sample data. In this study, data were downloaded
from the Web of Science database. The study period was from 2015 to 2019. A total
of 2683 records were downloaded and analyzed by using HistCite Software. Based
on the string, 2683 records were downloaded and analyzed by MS office Excel 2010
format using.

5. Data Analysis and interpretation
Table 1: Year-wise distribution of Documents
Sl. No Year Records % TLCS % TGCS %
1 2015 530 19.754 4062 50.4659 10855 45.3179
2 2016 527 19.6422 1865 23.1706 5772 24.0972
3 2017 551 20.5367 1297 16.1138 4407 18.3985
4 2018 546 20.3504 707 8.7837 2388 9.96952
5 2019 529 19.7167 118 1.46602 531 2.21684
Total 2683 100 8049 100 23953 100
Table 1 shows the year-wise quantitative growth research output in the
Norovirus field in 2005-2019. The highest number of publications in 2017 contributed
to 551 publications with 20.53%, TLCS 50.46%, and DGCS 43.31%. It is clear that the
development of the literature on Norovirus research continues to grow.
2: Relative Growth Rate and Doubling Time of Year-Wise Distribution
Sl. No Year Records Cumulative WI W2 RGR DT
1 2015 530 530 0 6.27 6.27 0.11
2 2016 527 1057 6.273 6.96 0.69 1.00
3 2017 551 1608 6.267 7.38 1.12 0.62
4 2018 546 2154 6.312 7.68 1.36 0.51
5 2019 529 2683 6.303 7.89 1.59 0.44
The relative growth rate and doubling time were calculated and the results are
reported in Table 2. The growth rate is highest in 2015 and the lowest in 2019. This is
a descent from Table 2 with relative growth rates from 2015 (6.27) to 2019 (1.59). The
doubling time (DT) shows an upward trend during the study period. The data from
Table 2 reveals that the doubling time from 2015 to 2019 is increasing from 0.11 to
0.44.
Table 3: Degree of collaboration
Sl. No Year Single Authored (NS) Multiple Authored (NM) Total (NM+NS) DC
1 2015 18 512 530 1.04
2 2016 14 511 525 1.03
3 2017 7 556 563 1.01
4 2018 16 540 556 1.03
5 2019 22 487 509 1.05
Total 77 2606 2683 1.03
Table 3 shows the collective authorship of articles published during the study
period. In this study, laryngeal cancer research highlights the degree of
collaboration. To determine the degree of collaboration in terms of quantity, the

following formula presented by Subramaniam (1983) was used to measure
collaboration. It shows that the degree of collaboration ranges from zero to 1.03.
The formula is,
C= Degree of Collaboration in a discipline or Extent of Collaboration in a discipline
NM= Number of Multiple authored papers
NS= Number of Single-authored papers
Here C = 3384/3384+340 = 0.9087
Table 4: Author wise distribution of Publications (Top 10)
Sl. No Authors Records % TLCS TGCS
1 Vinje J 64 2.385 1048 1440
2 Jiang X 43 1.603 266 602
3 Hall AJ 40 1.491 265 1056
4 Atmar RL 37 1.379 423 604
5 Estes MK 34 1.267 407 611
6 Vesikari T 30 1.118 121 234
7 Blazevic V 29 1.081 123 235
8 Sanchez G 27 1.006 116 293
9 Tan M 27 1.006 100 270
10 Jaykus LA 26 0.969 92 322
Figure 1 - Authors wise Distribution of Research Output
Table 4 shows the distribution of the top 10 authors-wise outputs. It can be noted
that Vinje J took first place with 64 (2.38%), followed by Jiang X, Hall AJ with 43
(1.60%), 40(1.49%) and Atmar RL with 37 (1.37%), Estes MK with 34 (1.26%). Jaykus
LA occupies the last place with 26(0.96%).

Table 5: Authorship pattern
Sl. No Authors Contribution Cumulative Contribution % Cumulative %
1 1 77 77 2.87 0.51
2 2 198 275 7.38 1.81
3 3 285 560 10.62 3.69
4 4 285 845 10.62 5.56
5 5 330 1175 12.30 7.73
6 6 311 1486 11.59 9.78
7 7 254 1740 9.47 11.45
8 8 199 1939 7.42 12.76
9 9 183 2122 6.82 13.96
10 10 172 2294 6.41 15.10
11 More then 10 389 2683 14.50 17.66
Total 2683 15196 100 100
A significant note of the study is that most of the articles have been presented by
six authors. The single author contributed 77 (2.87%) papers in this study. The first
and second placement was Fifth authors and sixth-authored; It is calculated as 330
(12.30%) and 311 (11.59%) respectively. Third and fourth authors ‘contributions
ranked third with 285 (10.62%), and the seventh author ranks fourth with 254
(9.47%). Eighth authored and two authored placed fifth and sixth, respectively, with
199 (7.42%) and 198 (7.87%). The contributions of the nine authors and tenth
authored ranked seventh and eighth with 183 (6.82), 172 (6.41) respectively.
Table 6: Country-wise distribution of Laryngeal Cancer research output (Top 10)
Sl. No Country Records % TLCS TGCS
1 USA 977 36.41 4085 11951
2 Peoples R China 296 11.03 761 2142
3 Japan 247 9.21 674 1920
4 UK 244 9.09 781 2201
5 South Korea 154 5.74 310 946
6 Germany 143 5.33 451 1380
7 France 114 4.25 371 1159
8 Spain 113 4.21 320 1073
9 Brazil 103 3.84 263 868
10 Italy 103 3.84 214 1332

Figure 2 - Country wise Distribution of Research Output
The country-wise distribution of Norovirus research output is given in Table 6.
The USA topped the list with 977 (36.41%) records and Peoples R China was second
with 296 (11.03%). Japan ranks third with 247 (9.31%), followed by UK, South Korea,
and Germany.
Table 7: Document wise distribution of Articles
Sl. No Document Type Records % TLCS TGCS
1 Article 2230 83.12 6660 19526
2 Review 225 8.39 1177 4023
3 Meeting Abstract 88 3.28 4 6
4 Letter 44 1.64 91 120
5 Editorial Material 37 1.38 43 71
6 Article; Early Access 16 0.60 0 1
7 Correction 13 0.48 7 8
8 Article; Proceedings Paper 12 0.45 29 70
9 News Item 7 0.26 0 2
10 Review; Book Chapter 5 0.19 38 88
Table 7 shows the document wise distribution of publications. The most
presented document type Article is 2230(83.12%) followed by as Review is
225(8.39%) as Meeting Abstract and other forms.

Table 8: Top Ranked Institution and Present (Top 10)
Sl. No Institution Records % TLCS TGCS
1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent 125 4.66 1247 3073
2 Emory University 58 2.16 359 634
3 Baylor Coll Med 54 2.01 510 883
4 Chung Ang University 49 1.83 119 330
5 Natl Inst Infect Dis 46 1.71 124 467
6 Cincinnati Childrens Hosp Med Ctr 43 1.60 197 488
7 Ohio State University 43 1.60 184 378
8 University Cambridge 42 1.57 178 414
9 Washington University 40 1.49 391 1130
10 University Valencia 39 1.45 119 413
Figure 3 - Institution wise Distribution of Research Output
This table presents institution-wise research productivity. It is noted that the Ctr
Dis Control & Prevent the first position in order by contributing 125(4.66%) record
publications. Emory University ranked second with 58(2.16%) record publications.
Baylor Coll Med the third rank with 54(2.01%) record publications. Other
Institutions' publications are as follows.
Table 9: Journal wise distribution of Publications (Top 10)
Sl. No Name of the Journal Records % TLCS TGCS
1 Food and Environmental Virology 120 45.63 338 662
2 Plos One 95 36.12 0 1135
3 Journal of Medical Virology 64 24.33 263 416
4
International Journal of Food
Microbiology
63 23.95 353 767

5 Viruses-Basel 62 23.57 3 211
6 Epidemiology and Infection 61 23.19 241 591
7 Journal of Clinical Virology 52 19.77 135 233
8 Scientific Reports 52 19.77 0 505
9
Applied And Environmental
Microbiology
50 19.01 277 691
10 Journal of Virology 49 18.63 239 596
Figure 4 - Journal wise Distribution of Research Output
Table 9 shows the distribution of journal-wise publications in Norovirus
research. The Food and Environmental Virology is ranked first with 120 (45.63%).
The Plos One occupies the second place with 95 (36.12%). The following are the
records of other journals.
Table 10: Language wise distribution of documents
Sl. No Language Records % TLCS TGCS
1 English 2663 99.25 8041 23942
2 Japanese 8 0.30 5 8
3 German 6 0.22 1 2
4 Spanish 4 0.15 2 2
5 French 1 0.04 0 0
6 Polish 1 0.04 0 0

Table 10 shows the language wise distributions of documents in Norovirus
research. The most productive language is English with 2663(99.25%), and the least
productivity language is Polish with 1(0.04%).
Table 11: Key Word-wise distribution of Publications (Top 10)
Sl. No Words Records % TLCS TGCS
1 Norovirus 1371 51.10 5553 11397
2 Human 382 14.24 1413 3474
3 Gastroenteritis 294 10.96 868 2234
4 Gii 247 9.21 1224 2390
5 Virus 247 9.21 861 2075
6 Detection 238 8.87 885 1888
7 Children 211 7.86 497 1450
8 Viruses 210 7.83 603 1753
9 Infection 209 7.79 701 1838
10 Acute 182 6.78 372 1149
Table 11 discusses publications based on key terms. The high-frequency key
search aspects of Norovirus research in the present study were Norovirus 1371
(51.10%), and other keywords were Human 382 (14.24%) Gastroenteritis 294(10.96%)
and Virus 247(9.21%).
6. Conclusion
Based on this analysis the following findings were concluded about the
Norovirus research, it is speculated that the research productivity on Norovirus
research reveals a gradual growth from 2015 to 2019. The worldwide research
during the year 2015-2019 was selected to find out the scientometric study on
Norovirus Rsearch. To conduct the above study, the data were collected from the
web of science. Scientific quantitative tools and techniques were used in this
research. After collecting data and applying scientific tools and techniques, the
results were presented in the form of tables for better understanding. A total of 2683
records were collected from the Norovirus Research database for the study by
searching the keyword Norovirus 1371(51.10%), and the other keywords being
Virus. The Author- wise distribution of the publication showed that Vinje J occupied
the first position with publications 64(2.38%) and Jiang X is in the second position
with 43(1.60%) followed by Hall AJ, Atmar RL, and others. Jaykus LA occupied the
last position with 26 publications (0.96%). Over the past Two decades, cancer
research has grown in size and impact. Clinicians, scientists, and government and
state policy makers have championed virus research, from studies to achieve low-
tech, large-scale health outcomes to some of the most advanced areas of fundamental
virus science.

This article has been written with the financial support of RUSA – Phase 2.0
grant sanctioned vide Letter No. F.24-51 / 2014-U, Policy (TNMulti-Gen),
Dept. of Edn. Govt. of India, Dt.09.10.2018
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