LaTeX Part 1

An Intro to LTEXPart I
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An introduction to creating a LTEXdocument
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Aubry W. Verret

Brown Science and Engineering Library Research Computing Lab

November 10, 2008

Outline I
Introduction to LTEX
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What is LTEX?
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Why use LTEX?
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How to Get LTEX
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Basic LTEXDocument
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Example Document
Markup fo Example Document
Basic LTEXCommands
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Special LTEXcharacters
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Compiling
How LTEXWorks
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How to Compile
Files
CLS ﬁles
Output ﬁles
Index and Table of Contents Generation
The ToC

Outline II
The Index

Bibliographies
.bib ﬁles
Bibliography Styles
Compiling
Bibliography Assistance

Resources

Preview

What is LTEX?
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Deﬁnition
LTEXis a powerful document markup system that uses the TeX
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typesetting program.
It is pronounced as ’Lah Tek’ or ’Lay Tek’

Why use LTEX?
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LTEXproduces superior quality documents compared to word
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processor such as Microsoft Word.

It oﬀers separation of content and formatting

Makes it easy to collaborate with others on a document

Many conferences prefer submissions done in LTEX
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How to Get LTEX
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There are several distributions of LTEXthat are free to obtain.
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How to Get LTEX
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Windows - MikTeX is a common package to use. It is free
and easy to install.
Common editors to use are TeXnicCenter, WinShell, and Led.

How to Get LTEX
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Mac - MacTex is the current distribution for Mac users.

How to Get LTEX
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Linux - It is likely that LTEXis already a part of your operating
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system, but if not you can install Tex live.
You can use whatever text editor you would normally prefer to
use, Emacs, Vi, etc.

How to Get LTEX
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LTEXis also on all of the Lab computers
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How to Get LTEX
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LTEXis also on all of the Lab computers
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Go here for more information
http://www.latex-project.org/ftp.html

Basic LTEXDocument
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The basic LTEXdocument consists of a preamble, a body, and an
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ending.

A Basic LTEXDocument
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Example Document
Aubry W. Verret
November 7, 2008

Hello World!

Markup for a Basic LTEXDocument
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documentclass { a r t i c l e }
t i t l e {A B a s i c LaTeX Document }
a u t h o r { Aubry W. V e r r e t }
d a t e { November 2008}
b e g i n { document }
maketitle

H e l l o World !

end{ document }

Basic LTEXcommands: Preamble
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LTEXdocuments begin with a preamble:
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documentclass{}

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documentclass{}
title{}

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documentclass{}
title{}
author{}

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documentclass{}
title{}
author{}
date{}

Basic LTEXCommands: Body
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The Body of the document:

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begin{document}

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begin{document}
maketitle

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begin{document}
maketitle
You can then type the body of your document.
No need to indent-this happens automatically.
Separate paragraphs by a blank line.

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begin{document}
maketitle
You can then type the body of your document.
No need to indent-this happens automatically.
Separate paragraphs by a blank line.
The document must end with
end{document}

Other Common Commands

Here are some other commands that you will use often:
section
subsection
chapter
{bf text}
{it text}
smallskip medskip bigskip
begin{enumerate}...end{enumerate}
begin{itemize}...end{itemize}

Special Characters

LTEXreserves some characters for special purposes:
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# $ % & ~ _ ^ { }

These characters cannot be used by themselves in your document.

Special Characters

LTEXreserves some characters for special purposes:
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# $ % & ~ _ ^ { }

These characters cannot be used by themselves in your document.

You can include these characters in your text by using the Escape
Character

Understanding How LTEXWorks
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LTEXtakes in a number of different input files and outputs a
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number of different files.

The main input file is the .tex file.

Along with the .tex file, LTEXreads in .cls files and .sty files which
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provide all of the needed formatting information.
LTEXoutputs a .dvi file and a .log file
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Compiling LTEX
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In order to compile your LTEXdocument use the latex command on
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the .tex ﬁle.

Compiling LTEX
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In order to compile your LTEXdocument use the latex command on
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the .tex ﬁle.

For example, if you
are using a unix environment then the command would look like this:

latex name of ﬁle.tex

.cls files

.cls files specify the format of a specific type of document
document. LTEXcomes with four different document classes:
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.cls ﬁles

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book - This is good for writing longer books with many
chapters

.cls ﬁles

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chapters
report - This is good for longer works like dissertations,
theses, short books

.cls ﬁles

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chapters
theses, short books
article - This is good for conference presentations, short
reports, shorter documents

.cls ﬁles

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chapters
theses, short books
letter - This is a simple way of writing a well-formatted letter.

.cls ﬁles

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chapters
theses, short books
These are mostly similar with some small diﬀerences. For instance,
the book class allows for chapters and the article class allows for
abstracts.

.cls files

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chapters
theses, short books
These are mostly similar with some small differences. For instance,
the book class allows for chapters and the article class allows for
abstracts.
There are also many .sty files that allow for more specific
formatting control.

Output Files

DVIs (device independent) are files that contain a preview of your
document once it is compiled. It can be converted to a number of
different formats, such as PDF for printing.

LOG files contain a transcript of the compilation process. They
mostly contain the same information that is printed to the screen
during the process.

How to Generate a Table of Contents

Table of Contents in LTEXcan be generated automatically using the
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tableofcontents command.

Place the command wherever you want the table of contents to
appear. This is usually right after the

maketitle command.

The way

tableofcontents

works is by taking entries from the sectioning commands. You
must run the latex command twice to generate the ToC whenever
you add new entries to it. The ﬁrst time the entries are recorded
on a .toc ﬁle. The second time they are actually typeset.

How To Generate Indexes
LTEXcan automatically generate indexes
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Include

usepackage{makeidx}
makeindex

in the preamble.
When you encounter a term in your document that you would like
to be indexed, use the

index{term}term command

You will need to run LTEXtwice in order for the index to appear.
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Once for the entries to be recorded in a .idx ﬁle and twice for the
entries to be typeset.

It is possible to create various levels of entries.

Bib files

It is relatively simple to generate bibliographies in LTEXusing
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bibtex and many different bibliographic formats are available.

Bibliographic entries must be kept in a separate file, the .bib file

This is the basic format for bib file entries:

@BOOK{make up an abbreviation,
AUTHOR = quot;authorquot;,
TITLE = quot;book titlequot;,
PUBLISHER = {who published it},
ADDRESS = {where it was published},
YEAR = year it was published}

@BOOK{latex,
AUTHOR = quot;Goossens, Michelquot;,
TITLE = quot;The LaTeX Companionquot;,
PUBLISHER = {Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.},
ADDRESS = {Reading, MA},
YEAR = 1994}

@BOOK{latex,
YEAR = 1994}

Your document should reference the source as follows:

cite[p. 24] {latex}

@BOOK{latex,
YEAR = 1994}

Your document should reference the source as follows:

cite[p. 24] {latex}

To make the bibliography appear in your document include these
commands at the end where you want the bibliography to go:

bibliography{filename}
bibliographystyle{plain}

Bibliography styles

There are several different options for the bibliographystyle
command. It is also possible to define the style of the bibliography
using external custom style files.

Go here for more info on bib styles:

http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/
reference/faq/bibstyles.html#styles

Compiling the bibliography

Compiling a document with a bibliography is a little more
complicated.

run latex on the .tex file
run bibtex on the .tex file
run latex twice more
The first time you run latex, a .aux file is created which bibtex will
subsequently read. The subsequent latex runs allow latex to
resolve all of the references between the document and the bib file.

Each time you add new references to your document you must
repeat this process.

Bibliography Assistance

You can use an external program to manage your bibliography.

A good program for this is Jabref
Free
Detailed editing of entries
Compatibility with various formats
Automatic key generation
You can get Jabref here: http://jabref.sourceforge.net/

Where to get Help

There are several diﬀerent resources for learning LTEX
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Books:
LTEXConcisely by Adrian Johnstone
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The LTEXCompanion by Michel Goossens
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A Guide to LTEXby Melmut Kopka
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LTEXFor Scientists and Engineers by David J. Buerger
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The LTEXGraphics Companion
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The LTEXWeb Companion
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Online: There are numerous online tutorials and user guides for
LTEX, speciﬁc commands, packages, etc.
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The Research Computing Lab: You can send questions to me
through our ticket system
http:
//www2.lib.virginia.edu/brown/rescomp/help/index.html

What’s Coming Next?

Intro to LTEXPart 2 will cover:
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Including Notes
Typesetting Mathematics
Tables
Graphics
Figures
Presentations

LaTeX Part 1

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