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Spl to the Rescue - Zendcon 09
- 1. Standard Tools for Everyday Programming
- 2. Whoami http://elizabethmariesmith.com Work at http://omniti.com PHP-GTK PECL cairo WinGui Bad bad bad things to PHP (on windows) Twitter @auroraeosrose IRC auroraeosrose
- 3. Community Heckling On twitter #zendcon IRC is open, I can see backlog – constructive criticism is good Comment on http://joind.in/talk/view/934 No comments on hair, clothes, or my fat belly – constructive criticism is welcome ;)
- 4. Get the party started!
- 5. I have a Problem Recursively iterate through directories Find all .jpg files Check last modified dates Move the ones older than two years to new location
- 6. How should I do this? Some nasty recursive use of scandir() to get my lists Or PHP’s dir() function and looping array_map() with a convoluted callback Glob + foreach madness I think I’m going to need a lot of code….
- 8. SPL to the Rescue! RecursiveDirectoryIterator RecursiveIteratorIterator FilterIterator SplFileInfo What fun tools we have!
- 10. And not the kind you kick out of IRC
- 11. What is SPL? tandard HP ibrary A library of standard interfaces, classes, and functions designed to solve common programming problems and allow engine overloading.
- 12. Zod says – kneel before me! No… wait Explain in English Now! Because no one understood a word of that…
- 13. What is SPL? 1. Engine overloading hooks via interfaces Countable, SeekableIterator, RecursiveIterator 2. Classes that utilize the interfaces ArrayObject, MultipleIterator, DirectoryIterator 3. Standard Class Implementations Exceptions, SplStorage 4. Functions to help with autoloading and objects spl_autoload_register(), spl_classes(), iterator_apply()
- 14. But… it’s an extension right? SPL is an extension SPL is a core extension SPL cannot be built shared SPL should not be turned off SPL is present in PHP since 5.0 (almost 5 years ago) As of 5.3, SPL cannot be turned off without altering source If you don’t have SPL, whoever built your PHP is an idiot (or an evil genius – it’s HARD).
- 15. Stuff that’s NOT in SPL Engine Defined interfaces you should know about! ArrayAccess Serializable Iterator IteratorAggregate Traversable
- 16. Helper functions from SPL to you
- 17. Built in Autoloader spl_autoload() – default autoload implementation spl_autoload_extensions() – ext for spl_autoload()
- 18. Autoload Stack spl_autoload_register() – add an autoload to the stack spl_autoload_unregister() – remove an autoloader spl_autoload_functions() – what’s on the stack spl_autoload_call() – load something through the stack
- 19. Isn’t __autoload good enough? Combining different libraries with different naming conventions Dealing with different types of files (templates, classes) in different locations Changing autoload in use during runtime
- 20. Object Helper Functions class_implements() class_parents() spl_object_hash() Why are these not in core? Zod does not know… Zod demands you kneel!
- 22. BadFunctionCallException BadMethodCall DomainException LogicException InvalidArgumentException LengthException Exception Classes OutofRangeException
- 23. OutofBoundsException OverflowException RuntimeException RangeException UnderflowException Exception Classes UnexpectedValueException
- 24. So what does SPL offer? A standard set of Exceptions that all inherit from PHP’s Exception base class A standard way to set up exceptions by kind Do I recommend it? Depends on your application.
- 25. Foreach is your bestest friend! Foreach an object today!
- 26. What the heck is an iterator? A design pattern that is a generic solution to the problem of iterating over data in a consistent manner. Access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.
- 27. Why do I care? Ever need to go over a list of items returned from a database? (well, duh) Or need to go over a list of items returned from a webservice? Ever used foreach? (or its slower, lesser cousin for?)
- 28. Foreach it baby! Foreach is your friend iterators give your code consistent usage and you can add more functionality
- 29. You can also… Extend Iterators to do what you need Chain Iterators: iteratoriteratoriteratoriterator
- 30. Meet the Iterator Interface
- 31. So how is it different? Array $ar= array(); Iterator $it = new Iterator; can be rewound Might be rewindable reset($ar) $it->rewind() is valid unless the key is NULL should know if there is a value !is_null(key($ar)) $it->valid() Has a current value Might have a current value or current($ar) key Has keys $it->key() key($ar) $it->current() can move forward Can move forward next($ar) $it->next()
- 32. An Iterator for every occasion RecursiveIterator • CachingIterator RecursiveIteratorIterator • RecursiveCachingIterator OuterIterator • NoRewindIterator IteratorIterator • AppendIterator FilterIterator • RecursiveIteratorIterator RecursiveFilterIterator • InfiniteIterator ParentIterator • RegexIterator SeekableIterator • RecursiveRegexIterator LimitIterator • EmptyIterator GlobIterator • RecursiveTreeIterator • ArrayIterator
- 33. Why foreach is so dang useful ….
- 34. Innie or an Outie? OuterIterator (interface) Extends Iterator Puts a wrapper around an iterator inside Has one additional method – getInnerIterator() that should be implemented
- 35. Loopety Loop RecursiveIterator (interface) Has two additional methods to implement getChildren should return the sub-iterator for the current element – and it must return an object that implements recursiveIterator hasChildren
- 36. Jumping ahead? SeekableIterator (interface) Additional method – seek(string $position) Lets you jump to a specific spot to start iterating
- 37. Now on to classes Classes implement interfaces plus provide additional functionality Interfaces need you to fill in all the the required methods You can implement multiple interfaces You can’t extend multiple classes Choose Wisely
- 38. FilterIterator Abstract Class Has one method that must be implemented – accept – which should return true or false File filtering example at the beginning used this Highly useful for many types of iteration FilterIterator OuterIterator Iterator Traversable
- 39. IteratorIterator Regular Class Stick in something that implements traversable Voila – instant iterator IteratorIterator OuterIterator Iterator Traversable
- 40. ArrayIterator Regular Class Iterates an array – OR the public properties of an object! (neat trick – dirty trick) ArrayAccess and ArrayIterator SeekableIterator Iterator Traversable Countable too!
- 41. RecursiveIteratorIterator Regular Class Like IteratorIterator only recursive to boot RecursiveIteratorIterator OuterIterator Iterator Traversable
- 42. ParentIterator Regular Class Filter out stuff without children ParentIterator OuterIterator Iterator Traversable
- 43. LimitIterator Regular Class Like mysql’s limit – pick your range and offset and foreach away! LimitIterator OuterIterator Iterator Traversable
- 44. CachingIterator Regular Class Manages another iterator by checking whether it has more elements each time using a hasNext() method CachingIterator OuterIterator Iterator Traversable
- 45. RecursiveCachingIterator Regular Class Just like caching iterator only – believe it or not – recursive! RecursiveCachingIterator CachingIterator OuterIterator Iterator Traversable
- 46. DirectoryIterator Regular Class Makes going through directories a snap isDot, isFile – I love you SplFileInfo DirectoryIterator Iterator Traversable (extends)
- 47. RecursiveDirectoryIterator Regular Class Like, do it again… and again… and again… and… DirectoryIterator RecursiveIterator Iterator Traversable (extends)
- 48. RegexIterator Regular Class Filter an iterator by a regex Pick how you want it to match FilterIterator IteratorIterator Iterator Traversable (extends) (extends)
- 49. Iterator Helper Functions iterator_apply() – like array_walk iterator_count() – count the items iterator_to_array() – run the iterator, put results in array
- 50. Is it an array? An object? Why… it’s both!
- 52. ArrayObject A class, NOT an interface It’s like arrayaccess on RedBull Highlights exchangeArray getArrayCopy (get your internally stored data) Sorting methods ksort et al
- 53. Countable Interface you can implement with any class (not iterator specific, but used a lot for it) Implement the count method and you can use the count() PHP function on any object
- 54. SplObjectStorage This does not do what you think it does Use objects as array keys, uniquely, with no collision issues (you might get them from spl_object_hash) Remember you need the object to get the data back out, unless you’re simply iterating over the contents Regular class, no need to extend and fill in methods http://www.colder.ch/news/01-08- 2009/34/splobjectstorage-for-a-fa.html
- 55. SplObserver and SplSubject Abstract classes for anything using an observer pattern http://www.a-scripts.com/object-oriented- php/2009/02/21/the-observer-pattern/ - great common sense tutorial If you do event/observers in your code, extending these two makes good sense
- 56. SplFileInfo fancy class for a file all the file system functions in compact object form getMTime == filemtime openFile == fopen
- 57. Beyond arrays to the wild wild west of 5.3
- 58. Hmmm…. I think we need a better container for all this stuff…
- 59. Arrays and Objects General purpose containers Have same C structure (HashTable) holding the data underneath C has other ways of holding data that can be faster when scaled
- 60. Lies, damn Lies, and statistics Great set of benchmarks by Matthew Turland http://www.slideshare.net/tobias382/new-spl- features-in-php-53 Generally, not useful for small amounts of data, highly useful for large (think thousands) of pieces of data
- 61. SPLFixedArray A fixed length, int key only array Why? It’s faster because it stores data differently “under the hood” in C Regular class, don’t need to extend and fill in any methods
- 62. Stacks and Linked Lists
- 63. New and Shiny SplDoublyLinkedList SplStack SplQueue
- 64. Implementations Stack does LIFO Queue does FIFO See improvements when constantly updating the stack Less improvement seen with a straight stick everything in and remove everything at once
- 65. Heap 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- 66. More Data Structures SplHeap SplPriorityQueue SplMaxHeap SplMinHeap
- 67. Implementations MinHeap - key 1 < or = key 2 MaxHeap – key 1 > or = key 2 PriorityQueue – constantly sorting by priority as new things are put in
- 68. The Documentation Problem http://elizabethmariesmith.com/2009/02/setting-up- phd-on-windows/ - you can write docbook on any platform! Efnet - #php.doc channel http://doc.php.net phpdoc@lists.php.net – mailing list See me and start helping today!
- 69. Resources http://php.net/spl - spl docs http://php.net/~helly/php/ext/spl - Doxygen docs http://www.alberton.info/articles/filter/tag/SPL - some great datastorage related tutorials http://www.phpro.org/tutorials/Introduction-to- SPL.html - more great SPL tutorials auroraeosrose@php.net
Notas do Editor
- Spl is the coolest extension that nobody uses.This talk isn’t heavy on code but is heavy on ideas and “how to, when to, quit reinventing the wheel”Also heavy on “for little things, use the little solutions”This is NOT a tutorial talk (although I think spl needs one) with reams of code to see “how things work” – this is not a “how” talk as much as a “what” and “when”Marcus Borger the man of the hour for SPL – borrows heavily from java concepts Don’t forget the warning about use 5.2.1+ a lot of the cool and nifty stuff here is only available in newer versions35 seconds
- Brief who am I, why am I doing this talk, how to get ahold of meAnd a “what is auroraeosrose” quick talk
- So let’s learn about splWarning about this talk – I’m going to make you participate, and there will be very little code shownAt the end I’ll give some links to some fabulous SPL tutorials you should ALL GO DOThis really should be a tutorial because there is SOOO MUCH in spl
- Let’s set the scene – I have a bunch of old stuff that needs to be taken out and archived from a random annoying structure.I have pretty firm criteria on what I need to do, just need a fast way to do it1 min
- Let the crowd give ideas in addition to this – (no spl stuff)
- Ceiling cat is angry (thanks to Chris for the lovely pic) 10 seconds or so, with kitty noises
- But we already have the tools for all of this?Explain the tools, explain what they do
- Code to actually do it
- Should hit the 5 minute mark hereWhy don’ t you use spl is the question of the dayAnd “who uses spl” – 10 seconds or so
- Definition of Standard (Merriam Webster) - 4: something set up and established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value, or qualityLibrary: a: a place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale b: a collection of such materials2 a: a collection resembling or suggesting a library <a library of computer programs> <wine library>In other words… a collection
- More joke joke time
- SPL is – cool engine hooksClass that use the hooksStandard classesHelper functions
- I can’t depend on an extension that might not be presentUm… if spl is not present – urdoin it rong
- Traversable is an odd duck – it does… um… nothingHowever, if you’re writing extensions, you can use it to signify your data can be foreached but NOT implementIteratorNote: serializable classes no longer support sleep and wakeup, instead they have serialize and unserialize – very powerful thatArray access and iterator/iterator aggregate we’ll talk about later
- Hit 8 minute mark here – Start with some helper functions before I get to the fun iterator stuff
- Spl_autoload is a default autoloader implementationYou tell it what extensions to look for by using spl_autoload_extensionsIf you use .class.php or .inc or whatever you can add them to the extensions that are looked forJust like with include_path, performance is affected by the first thing in the extensions list (if you have all .class.php files, use that)If you use namespaces, it’ll map them too
- Talk a little bit about they accept standard PHP callbacks for autoloaders - $this ‘method’ syntax works fine – spl_autoload_call will “force load” a classThis behaves more like a QUEUE than a STACK, since the registry is accessed in FIFO order. The autoloaders are attempted in the order they are defined.The docs suckAutoload is [mixed autoload_function = "spl_autoload" [, throw = true [, prepend]]] – prepend is new for 5.3Do throw tells how error handling is done for the autoload adding – if it’s true, exceptions will be thrown if badcallables are passed in, otherwise you just get false as a return valuePrepend does exactly what it saysIf you pass in an already existing item it doesn’t error, instead it returns true
- Isn’t autoload evil? Eh, who cares, highlyhighly usefulShort discussion on autoload itselfNote that you need to register any __autoload if using spl_autoload_register
- Spl_object_hash is new and improved now as well in 5.3 – you’ll no longer get collisions and the key is truly unique (but it’s still slow)
- Exceptions are exceptions2.Never use exceptions for control flow3.Never ever use exceptions for parameter passing10 minute mark
- Anything that could have been detected at compile time, during application design, or by careful code reviewPerfect for libraries to tell your consumer “you’re being stupid”
- Anything that is unexpected during runtimeBase Exception for all database extensions
- Something like ZF or Pear/PEAR2 that is package and package dependant exception based, no… PHP has generally not gone this (the JAVA route) with Exceptions
- 12 minute mark
- Iterators make codeReadable Easy to understand Testable Easy to refactorAsk audience questions about why they think an iterator is useful – and when they might want to use one15 minute mark
- Iterators make codeReadable Easy to understand Testable Easy to refactorAsk audience questions about why they think an iterator is useful – and when they might want to use one15 minute mark
- Talk a little bit about foreach and how simple it can make complicated data access, filtering, and recursive iteration
- Talk a little bit about foreach and how simple it can make complicated data access, filtering, and recursive iteration
- Implementing the iterator interface, and how it’s not in SPL but in PHP proper – it’s an engine level hookHow is this called when foreach is used?RewindValidCurrent or keynext(make them all repeat until it’s memorized – they’ll thank me for it later)Brief note on traversable – you can’t implement it in userland it and only marcus knows why it exists
- Brief note on array vs. iterator and how they differ
- Quick not on how may iterator choices there are before we look at some individiual ones
- 20 minute mark
- Wrapping up iterators (chaining iterators basically) is what a lot of the iterator classes use
- the sub iterator for the current element Note:The returned object must implement RecursiveIterator.
- 24 minutes to here – about the halfway point for the talk
- Warning – this might have unintended consequencesHere’s a hint – pdostatement implements traversable
- this Iterator can manage both native PHP arrays and the public properties of an object
- this helps you do cool stuff like "flatten" a hierarchical data structure so that you can loop through it with a single foreach statement, while still preserving knowledge of the hierarchy. This class could be very useful for rendering tree menus, for example.
- when using a ResursiveIterator, the ParentIterator allows you to filter out elements that do not have children. If, for example, you have a CMS in which documents can be placed anywhere under a tree of categories, the ParentIterator would allow you to recurse the tree but display only the "category nodes", omitting the documents that appear under each category.
- this class allows you to specify a range of elements to Iterator over, starting with a key offset and specifying a number of elements to access from that point. The concept is the same as the LIMIT clause in MySQL.
- this manages another Iterator (which you pass to its constructor). It allows you to check whether the inner Iterator has more elements, using the hasNext() method, before actually advancing with the next() method. Personally, I'm not 100% sure about the name; perhaps LookAheadIterator would be more accurate?
- this is largely the same as the CachingIterator, but allows iteration over hierarchical data structures.the name; perhaps LookAheadIterator would be more accurate?
- to iterate over a directory in a file system, this Iterator provides a bunch of useful methods like isFile() and isDot() that save a lot of hassle.
- this class allows iteration over a directory structure so that you can descend into subdirectories.
- This is an AWESOME iterator – stick a directory or glob iterator in here and have a great time
- A few useful tools to make life with iterators more funfor your iterator implementing objectsIterator count is not the same as countable in your iterator (not quite the same as implementing countable::count)copy all the stuff from your iterator into a regular PHP array
- 12 minute mark
- Array object is a really easy way to do an arrayaccess – just override what you need to change (like for a readonly array or other fun)There are also flags you can pass to the constructor to make var_dump work differently, or to have $iterm[‘foo’] and $item->foo
- How would this be useful?Notice this is NOT the same as a function you’ll see later
- Poor choice for any kind of registry or $object to scalar key mappingsThere are some cool new features in 5.3 with arrayaccess magicIt’s more of a “map” or “set” – the name is not quite rightYou can use it as a map (objects as array keys) or as a set (unique set of objects)
- Talk a bit about event listening, observers
- This is just an easy way to deal with file stuff – for all of you whining about not having a file object in PHP – yes we do!
- Data structures are new in 5.3 and compliments of Etienne Kneuss who did most of the work
- Why are data structures useful? They scale fantasticallyMatt did a great great set of benchmarks on this
- Estimates are 30% faster than a regular array – but remember using the size changing methods can eat a lot of time. Really only useful if you’re NOT going to be changing the size of the array a lotRemember you aren’t going to see big returns over a regular array until you’re hitting the 10,000 item mark
- Quick C discussion on stacks Put it on top, take off the top (or put it on bottom, take it off the top)Double linked list points forward to the next spot and backwards to the previous spot
- This is not going to be a computer science lesson – basically these use different “stuff” underneath to store your data (instead of a hashtable) what does this mean for you? Your stacks and queues might be faster – then again, they might not. The neat thing is being able to change your iteration direction (FIFO or LIFO) when using them, and the queue can optionally delete items as it iterates them – makes common tasks much fasterNote: you CAN change the direction of iteration for doublylinkedlists – you can NOT change the direction for splstack and queue
- Doubly linked lists, stack and queue have a stack as the underlying storage structureLast in first out and first in first out – difference between array_pop and array_unshiftPush and pop (or enqueue, dequeue for the splqueue)Because of the algorithms used underneath – if you need FIFO for anything over 10,000 items or so, queue is going to show BIG improvements in speedStack? Not quite so much, stack works best when used in a manner that’s constantly being updated, otherwise you won’t see that much improvement in speed – although remember that you can have it delete items as well, which DOES make it fasterNote you can’t change queue’s direction either, but can also change it to keep or remove on iteration
- specialized tree-based data structure that satisfies the heap property: if B is a child node of A, then key(A) ≥ key(B). This implies that an element with the greatest key is always in the root node, and so such a heap is sometimes called a max-heap. (Alternatively, if the comparison is reversed, the smallest element is always in the root node, which results in a min-heap.)
- Priority queue uses a heap internally, but does not actually extend splheapBlame the developers – I doThis kind of stuff is most useful if you’re iterating and changing the data inside at the same timeSending lots of emailsEvent messagingSms – queuing up web service requests
- You don’t see great returns on these until you hit the 1,000 or so mark… then it’s phenomenal
- PHP documentation is entirely community drivenWe need volunteers – anyone can do PhD and docbook!Docs are MUCH MUCH better than they were – several new volunteers have made a BIG difference!You can be the new doc superstar ;)