5. It is an open source hardware.
The arduino program done on arduino IDE
board.
Crystal oscillation is of 16 MHz follow the
path of minimum error with acurate maxi.
Efficiency.
Microcontroller need only squar wave form
that that is why we need capacitor with
crystal oscillator. It also reduce noise.
6. Hardware Software
The Arduino or The Arduino IDE.
other clone boards
Based on win AVR
Based on the Atmel (C compiler for AVR
AVR series Microcontrollers)
Controllers
7. Swarms of robots are effective:
◦ They can perform tasks that one expensive robot
cannot.
Swarms are robust:
◦ Even if some robots fail, the swarm can still achieve
the task.
9. Inter-Integrated Circuit( generically referred to as
"two-wire interface“) is a multi-
master serial single-ended computer
bus invented by Philips that is used to attach
low-speed peripherals to
a motherboard, embedded system,
or cellphone or other electronics.
I²C uses only two bidirectional open-drain lines,
Serial Data Line (SDA) and Serial Clock
(SCL), pulled up with resistors. Typical voltages
used are +5 V or +3.3 V although systems with
other voltages are permitted.
10. The interintegrated circuit (I 2 C) bus is designed for short-range
communication between chips in the same system using a software
addressing system. It requires only two signal wires and operates
like a simplified local area network.
The I 2 C slave chips are attached to a two-wire bus, which is
pulled up to logic 1 when idle. Passive slave devices have their
register or location addresses determined by a combination of
external input address code pins and fixed internal decoding. If
several memory devices are connected to the bus, they can be
mapped into a continuous address space. The master sends
data in 8-bit blocks, with a synchronous clock pulse alongside
each bit. As for SPI, the clock is derived from the instruction
clock, up to 5 MHz at the maximum clock rate of 20 MHz.
To send a data byte, the master first sends a control code to set
up the transfer, then the 8-bit or 10-bit address code, and
finally the data. Each byte has a start and acknowledge
bit, and each byte must be acknowledged before the next is
sent, to improve reliability.
13. How to use arduino IDE
Select Board Tool
Select serial
port
14. cotrol panel -> device manager -> unknown
serial port->right click on unknown serial
port->update dreiver from computer ->
Give the path of pin drive then next-> see your
port no is showing or not if not repeat the
process.
15.
16.
17.
18. Q-: Make a program using pin
D11, D12 and D13 blink LED
in the manner of aeroplane
light you see in night.
19. int sen1=11; digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
int sen2=12; digitalWrite(13, LOW);
int sen13=13; digitalWrite(11,LOW);
delay(1000);
void setup() { digitalWrite(11, LOW);
// initialize the digital pin as an digitalWrite(12, LOW);
output. digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on delay(1000);
most Arduino boards: digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
pinMode(11, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
pinMode(12, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); delay(1000);
} digitalWrite(11, LOW);
digitalWrite(12, LOW);
void loop() { digitalWrite(13, LOW);
digitalWrite(11, HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(12, LOW);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000); }
20. Make a program using bit D11,D12 and D13
to show binary counting by blinking led.