Moons 2009

7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER &
SATURN
1

7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 2

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MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER &
SATURN 3
 HISTORY………………………………………… 04
 ORIGIN OF MOONS………………………06
 INTRODUCTION TO JUPITER……10
 MAJOR MOONS………………………………11
 INTRODUCTION TO SATURN……52
 MAJOR MOONS………………………………54
 REFERENCES………………………………………88
 CONCLUSION……………………………………91

SATURN
4
 Jupiter has 4 major moons
 These 4 (IO,EUROPA,GANYMEDE &
CALLISTO) large Jovian moons were
discovered by GALILEO in 1610
 Saturn has 6 major moons
 ENCELADUS in 1789 by WILLIAM
HERSCHEL

SATURN
5
 TETHYS & DIONE: In 1684 by
GIOVANNI
 TITAN: In 1655 by CHRISTIAN
HUYGENS
 RHEA: In 1672 by CASSINI

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SATURN
 Many of the moons of the planets
formed through accretion but on a small
scale
 Once the nebular gas began to accrete
onto the large Jovian
protoplanets, condition similar to the
miniature solar nebula

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SATURN
 ………with condensation & accretion
continuing to occur
 Some of the smaller moons may have
been chipped off their parent planets
during collision with asteroids
 Or may be they captured asteroids
themselves

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SATURN

 5th planet in the solar system
 The massive & largest one
 Name originated from GREEK word
„JOVE‟-name after their god
 Uniquely it represent the model of our
own solar system with the moons
symboling the planets

Q: HOW MANY MOONS DOES JUPITER HAVE?
ANS:A LARGE NUMBER ……………………………
63!
Divided into 4 groups
i. Galilean moons::largest groups of planet-Jupiter
moons
ii. Inner most moons: mostly small in size, with
elliptical orbits
iii. 3rd group: orbit with retrograded sense

iv. Outer most moons: just very small in size

 They are four in
number named as:
i. GANYMEDE
ii. CALLISTO
iii. IO
iv. EUROPA

 Largest of the JOVIANS
moons 5260km in
the diameter
 Density of 1.93g/cm3
shows that it is at
least 50% water ice composition

 Average reflectivity of 50%
 A silicate rich core with mantle of liquid
water
 No existence of atmosphere

 There are two distinctly different
types of TERRAIN
i. Dark terrain
ii. Bright terrain
 Water ice is the dominant component
of the crust
 No large scale mountains landforms

 DARK TERRAIN
 Polygonal in shape & separated each
other by brighter terrain

 May have a reasonable amount of DUST
and ROCKY debris
 Highly cratered surface – suggested
that this part is relatively OLD must be
dated back to METEORIC bombardment
age that ended up 4biillion years ago

 BRIGHTER TERRAIN
 May be made up of PURE water
 They are mostly LOW cratered area –
suggested its age up to just 3.5 billion
years

 It has no atmosphere to speak of
 Diameter of 4900km
 Highest noonday temperature is of -
110C – highest of the GALILEAN moons
 Has a very darkest surface due to low
reflectivity of just 20%

 Never volcanically active
 Has the lowest density of
all the other GALILEAN
moons – 1.79g/cm3
 Relatively small amount of heavier
radioactive elements

 Bright-orange colored sphere
with, white irregular splotches
 Polar regions are relatively darker

 Absolutely no impact craters
UNIQUNESS: nothing similar had
been found in the solar
system………THAT IS……a large number
of odd-looking sinkholes like depression
scattered over the surface

 They are the vents of the volcanoes
 At least 8 are currently active
 Eruptions take place on continual basis
 Last for few months to years
 Named after GREEK gods of FIRE
 IO is the only world in the universe
besides Earth known to have active
volcanoes

 Umbrella-shaped
plume
 Gigantic fan –
shaped in the
vacuum
 Produced by the
eruption of gases
and materials from
the volcanoes

 Mostly colored patterns includes
yellow, red, orange and brown
 Its surface is mostly covered with this
volcanic material
 Emitted gases are the SO2 And
H2S(hydrogen sulfide)- by the help of
REFLECTANCE SPECTRUM

 There exist mountain ranges
 INTERESTINGLY up to 10km in height
HERE QUESTION ARISES FROM
WHERE THEY ORIGINATED?
The ‟TECTONIC FRUCTURING FORCES‟ as
similar in case of Earth

 Average day time temperature is -145C
 Although as hot as 300C near
volcanoes
 Average night time temperature is
-190C

 Not founded water any where in
surface, interior and not even on the
atmosphere
 It has a thin layer of atmosphere
 Most probably the active volcanoes that
releases the SO2 forms the atmosphere
 And pressure is quiet small just about
1*10^-7 atmospheric pressure

 Light brown surface with white patches
 Move in the circular orbit of
670,900km in radius
 No impact craters

 Absolutely no
atmosphere
 Max. day time
temperature is-180C
 Reflectivity of 70%
as it a bright world

 Slightly smaller density
of about 3.03g/cm3
 No signs of volcanism
either current or in the past
- different from the IO
 Mostly the surface is smooth

 UNIQUENESS: the only world in
the solar system besides Earth that has
…………WATER!
 Density of Europa is consistent with up
to 20% of water
 Exist as ICE in the interior mostly
 And the rest of it is made up of
metals & silicate

 There are only few signs of craters
(only 3 probable craters of 18-25km
apart)
 It means that the present icy structure
formed long after the era of
METEORIC bombardment came to an
end

 Water exposed to the
space rapidly evaporates
forming a thin layer
of atmosphere of
WATER VAPOUR

 Exceedingly cold temperature outside
condenses the it into solid – ICE
 This falls back to the surface ,covering
the entire EUROPA landscape with a
layer of fine FROST

 Theoretical calculations of the current
thermal state of EUROPA have an
interesting possibility………………… LIFE

 Result suggested that some LUIQUID
WATER may be still present in the interior
- hidden deep underneath the icy crust
 Its mantel actually warm enough to support
the……… LIFE
…………We r go„in to start our
INVASION of SATURN… !!!!!!!!!!!

Saturn was the outermost
planet known to ancient
astronomy
It is the 6th planet of solar
system
 Its mass is 5.6*10^29g
 Its density is 0.7g/cm3

 The atmosphere of Saturn consists of
molecular Hydrogen ,Helium ,Methane
and Ammonia.

 Saturn has 67! moons out of which 5
largest are:
1. Titan
2. Rhea
3. Dione
4. Tethys
5. Enceladus

 Titan is the 2nd largest moon of solar
system and 1st of Saturn
 We call it as a hazy titan
 A thick uniform haze layer similar to
photochemical smog seen above our
cities found here

Titan probably contains a rocky core
surrounded by a thick mantle of water ice.

 Titan is very glowing
 Throughout its day-to-day; its color is
changes from Blue to Green and Green
to Red
 As a result; a beautiful glowing orange
color is appears.

 Titan‟s atmosphere is thick and denser
 It is made up of mostly N2, Ar, a few
percent of CH4 in addition to ethane and
propane, CO and other compounds
 Its atmosphere undergoing a series of
chemical reactions powered by
sun light

 It also have liquid lakes, clouds and
mountains…………………lakes of METHANE
and ETHANE………Not of water!!!

 If a person wants to fly
then……………………………………………………………
Titan‟s atmosphere is best !
 A person can fly just with………………
man made wings……………………………………
WOW!

 It is the 9th largest moon of solar
system and 2nd of Saturn.
 Its surface consists of 25% rocks and
75% water ice
 It is known as WISPY RHEA
 Due to the tectonic activity

It has craters
but these are
flatter than our
moon.

 It is the only moon who have rings
around it
 Its faint rings contain dust particles
and debris.

 It is the 4th moon of the Saturn
 It has huge fractures on hemisphere
which made Forward and Trailing side
 These are quiet different from each
other.

It has craters.

 Forwarded hemisphere is dark
 It is covered with dens population of
craters
 It has large craters having diameter of
62miles or 99km.

 Consists of a complex network of
bright; wispy marking superimposed over
a darker surface
 With numerous craters
 It has small craters as compare to
forward hemisphere with diameter of
19miles or 30km.

TRAILING HEMISPHERE FORWARD HEMISPHERE

 Scientists believed that in earlier it is
tidally locked
 Meteoric impact took place preferably
on the forward facing side
 A large impact could change its current
orientation

 It is the 5th important moon of Saturn
 It is 248km in diameter
 A huge impact of crater that covers
2/5 of the surface of it has been found

It has heavy and light craters in shape
of belt across the moon.

 It is highly reflective object in the
solar system known due to its VISUAL
WAVELENGTH
 It has an average density of just
1.2g/cm3
 Probably have rocky material mixed with
the ice

 It has a large Canyon (Ithaca Chasma)
which runs about 1242 miles long
 That means Canyon runs across 2/3 of
the moon
 These cracks are due to the shrinking
and cooling of the surface layers

 It is the 6th important moon of Saturn
 It has a plum of liquid water and
chemicals
 Its temperature is -210 degree Celsius

As it reflects 100% sunlight that
it receives.

 Near south pole there are “V” and “Y”
shaped ridges and valleys which are
called “TIGER STRIPES”
 There are two theories about these
stripes

1. It is migrating towards Saturn which
increasing its rotation due to which
rotation axis is flatten
 This flattering causes near the
surface of poles to push outward and
buckle forming ridges

2. Warm material rose from the interior
of the surface leading to a polar
terrain from its current area to a new
region
 It would then adjust to match the new
polar orientation which causes surface
tension and ridges formed

 Astronomy today,McMillan,5th edition,2005,pp-358
 The space-age solar system, Joseph F.
Baugher, Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois:
John Wiley & Sons, pp-221-251
 Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn & Uranus, International
Astronomical Union Circulates, 2nd week of May

 Solar system bodies JPL/NASA, 2nd week of May
 Origin of Europa & Galilean satellites, University of
Arizona,2nd week of May
 Jupiter’s known satellites Department of Terrestrial
Magnetism at Carniege Institute of Science, 2nd week
of May

 Article by Institute of Astronomy University of
Hawaii, Scott Steppard & David Jewitt, 2nd week of
May
 Moons and Planets, William K. Hartmann,5th
edition – THOMSON BROOKS/COLE

7/24/2013
SATURN91
Despite of the modern technology, still man is
unable to know the UNIVERSE – as these
MOONS! This shows the limitation of the
MANKIND! Even though he considered
HIMSELF
“SUPERIOR”
Although „HE‟…… Is NOT!!!!

MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 927/24/2013

Moons 2009

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