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1) Definition of clouds …03
2) Formation of clouds …06
3) Classification of clouds …10
4) Vertically Developed clouds …16
5) Categories …19
1) Cumulus clouds …20
1) Hmulis …23
2) Fractus …26
3) Congestus …28
4) Castellanus …29
2) Cumulonimbus clouds …31
1) Cumulonimbus Incus …36
2) Cumulonimbus Mammatus …38
3) Cumulonimbus Calvus …41
6) References …44

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 “A visible collection of CONDENSED
tiny water droplets and ice crystals suspended
in the atmosphere.”
Clouds can be in variety of forms.
 Some are found at high elevation but other
are near the ground relatively

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 All the
weathering
phenomenon
occurs due to
the clouds…
ranges within
the
troposphere.

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 Water is known to exist in three forms:
 Clouds, snow and rain are all made up of
some form of water.

7.  Generally produced by atmospheric motion with
upward component cools the air.
 Clouds form when temperature is below the dew
point.
 When air blows over the colder surface.
6/7/2013 METEOROLOGY 7

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By orographic uplift of air near the mountainous
terrain.

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 Air parcel will rise up naturally if the air
within it is warmer than the surrounding air by
convection.

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Clouds are classified into a system that uses
“Latin” words to describe their appearances.
They are define on the basis of their
“Heights”.
This was done by an English chemist “Luke
Howard” in 1803.

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LATIN NAMES ENGLISH NAMES
Cirrus Curl of hair
Stratus Layer like
Cumulus Heap
Nimbus Rain
HOWARD divided them into 4 categories
using Latin names as:

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 They are further divided into 4 groups having 10
types of the clouds:
The first 3 groups are differentiating by their heights.
The fourth group contains thick clouds as they are
NOT describe on the basis of heights level from
grounds.
GROUPS HEIGHTS
High Clouds 5-13km
Middle Clouds 2-7km
Low Clouds 0-2km
Vertically Developed Clouds ---

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STRATUS CIRRUS

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C
U
M
U
L
U
S
N
I
M
B
U
S

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• Stratus
• Stratocumulus
• Nimbostratus
• Cumulus
• Cumulonimbus
• Altostratus
• Altocumulus
• Cirrus
• Cirrostratus
• Cirrocumulus
High
Clouds
Middle
Clouds
Low
Clouds
Vertically
Developed
Clouds

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 They are due to unstable atmospheric
conditions.
Height can range up to 12000m.
Generated most commonly either by
thermal convection or frontal lifting.
Releasing incredible amount of energy to
condensed the water vapor within the clouds.

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They are
generally not the
sign of calm
weather.

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Vertically developed clouds are more
conveniently divided into 2 categories as:
1)Cumulus Clouds
i. Cumulus Humilis Clouds
ii. Cumulus Fractus Clouds
iii. Cumulus Congestus Clouds
iv. Cumulus Constellus Clouds
2)Cumulonimbus Clouds
i. Cumulonimbus Incus Clouds
ii. Cumulonimbus Mammatus Clouds
iii. Cumulonimbus Calvus Clouds

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They look like white ball of cotton _ isolated in sky.
Are sign of pleasant weather.
They have flat bottoms and lumpy tops.
Top often is in the form of towers--- shows the limit
of rising air.
Rising air is associated with high relative humidity.
Generally they are formed by convection resulting
from solar heating in summers.
Over open lakes in autumn and winters.
Formation :

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They are found as low as 330ft.

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Humilis stands for “HUMBLE.”
Generally have flattened bases and slight vertical
development.
Mostly rises up to 5-8km.
Once the thermals rise above the surface, the
potential for cloud development increases.
At the condensation level, the relative humidity of
the thermal air will be around 100 percent (saturated).
Formation :

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Between each cumulus humilis, the air descends slowly
to replace the rising thermals

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As a
result,
the
cloud -
field
can
look
very
regularl
-y
Spaced.

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Cumulus clouds that appear in irregular
fragments, as if they had been shred or torn.
Always appear in
association with other
clouds.
For a short time
before, during and a
short time after
precipitation.

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They can form in fair weather as rising pockets of
warm air rise and condense into these proto-clouds
Cumulus fractus on
not-so-fair days, too,
as they "shredded" by
larger cumulonimbus
cloud after a rain
storm

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Congestus is Latin for "piled-up".
When a humilis cloud grows vertically
it turns into a congestus cloud.
These
clouds
may
produce
abunda
nt
show-
ers

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It stands for “Castle-like”.
It displays multiple towers
arising from its top, indicating
significant vertical air
movement

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These are more vertically developed than fair
weather cumulus and have tops that can reach up to
39,000 feet (12,000m).
These are fueled by strong updrafts that transfer air
up through the atmosphere.
These clouds are named because they are puffy
("cumulo") and because they often are dark clouds
which cause rainstorms ("nimbus").
Cumulonimbus clouds are characterized
as tall, dense clouds

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Cumulonimbus clouds designs
its formation mostly during the
afternoon time, as this the time
when the earth surface gets
heated up.
 Cumulonimbus clouds are
usually seen in the shape of
mushroom.

33. Common types of Clouds
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Cumulonimbus Cloud Over Africa Image Credit: NASAMarch 24, 2011

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Incus stands for “Anvil”.
A mature cumulonimbus incus is definitely the
“King of Clouds”, and sometimes reaching 60,000 feet
in tropical and subtropical areas.
Formation always be regarded as a significant
aviation hazard because of :
“the powerful air currents involved in its formation and
the potentially damaging effect of the large hailstones it
may produce.”

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They look like “BAG.”
Mammatus is one of the most spectacular and
distinctive of all cloud formations.

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During a thunderstorm, warm, moist updrafts rise to
the top of the troposphere. Here the temperature levels
off and the air stabilizes. This causes the rising cloud to
expand horizontally over areas of cooler, cloud-free air.

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Mechanisi
m for rain
formation by
cumulonimb
us
mammatus.

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Calvus stands for “Bald”.
Calvus occurs when convection and atmospheric
instability combine to push the cloud tops beyond the
congestus stage to heights of up to 30,000 feet.

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The mushrooming top is a sign
of the vigorous updrafts that may
eventually force the cloud up into
the highest levels of the
troposphere.
At this level of the troposphere,
temperatures are normally well
below freezing, and any
condensation that takes place will
produce ice crystals rather than
water droplets.
This gives the top of the cloud a
brilliant, white appearance.

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1. Meteorology Today
by C. Donald Ahrens
6th edition
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