Mechanical & drilling

1. VII Mechanical/ drilling
Rotating mechanical equipment
Static mechanical equipment
Drilling
Generator and compressor
Disipline lead
Vessel and seperators
how coalescing oil water separators works
Cranes
Mechanical and maintenance

2. Rotating mechanical
equipment
 Rotating equipment is the general classification of mechanical
equipment that is used to add kinetic energy to a process. The
addition of kinetic energy may be needed to move material from one
point to the next or to agitate the material.

3. Statics
 Statics is the branch of mechanics concerned with the analysis
of loads (force, torque/moment) on physical systems in static
equilibrium, that is, in a state where the relative positions of
subsystems do not vary over time, or where components and
structures are at a constant velocity. When in static equilibrium,
the system is either at rest, or its center of mass moves at
constant velocity.
 By Newton's first law, this situation implies that the net force and
net torque (also known as moment of force) on every part of the
system is zero. From this constraint, such quantities as stress or
pressure can be derived. The net forces equaling zero is known
as the first condition for equilibrium, and the net torque equaling
zero is known as the second condition for equilibrium.

4. Dynamics (mechanics)
 In the field of physics, the study of the causes of motion and
changes in motion is dynamics. In other words the study of forces
and why objects are in motion. Dynamics includes the study of the
effect of torques on motion. These are in contrast to kinematics, the
branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of objects
without consideration of the causes leading to the motion.
 Generally speaking, researchers involved in dynamics study how a
physical system might develop or alter over time and study the
causes of those changes. In addition, Isaac Newton established the
undergirding physical laws which govern dynamics in physics. By
studying his system of mechanics, dynamics can be understood. In
particular dynamics is mostly related to Newton's second law of
motion. However, all three laws of motion are taken into
consideration, because these are interrelated in any given
observation or experiment.[1]

5. Newton's laws
Newton described force as the ability to cause a mass to accelerate.
 Newton's first law states that an object in motion will stay in motion
unless a force is applied. This law deals with inertia, which is a
property of matter that resists acceleration and depends only on
mass.
 Newton's second law states that force quantity is equal to mass
multiplied by the acceleration
(F = ma).
 Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal but
opposite reaction.

6. Mechanical system
 A mechanical system manages power to accomplish a task that involves forces
and movement. Mechanical is derived from the Latin word machina,[1] which in
turn derives from the Doric Greek μαχανά (machana), Ionic Greek μηχανή
(mechane) "contrivance, machine, engine"[2] and that from μῆχος (mechos),
"means, expedient, remedy".[3]
 The Oxford English Dictionary[4] defines the adjective mechanical as skilled in the
practical application of an art or science, of the nature of a machine or machines,
and relating to or caused by movement, physical forces, properties or agents such
as is dealt with by Mechanics. Similarly Merriam-Webster Dictionary[5] defines
"mechanical" as relating to machinery or tools.
 A mechanical system consists of (i) a power source and actuators that generate
forces and movement, (ii) a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input
to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement, and (iii) a
controller with sensors that compares the output to a performance goal and then
directs the actuator input. This can be seen in Watt's steam engine (see the
illustration) in which the power is provided by steam expanding to drive the piston.
The walking beam, coupler and crank transform the linear movement of the piston
into rotation of the output pulley. Finally, the pulley rotation drives the flyball
governor which controls the valve for the steam input to the piston cylinder.

7. Drilling
 The well is created by drilling a hole 5 to 50 inches (127.0 mm to
914.4 mm) in diameter into the earth with a drilling rig that rotates a
drill string with a bit attached. After the hole is drilled, sections of
steel pipe (casing), slightly smaller in diameter than the borehole,
are placed in the hole. Cement may be placed between the outside
of the casing and the borehole. The casing provides structural
integrity to the newly drilled wellbore, in addition to isolating
potentially dangerous high pressure zones from each other and from
the surface.
 With these zones safely isolated and the formation protected by the
casing, the well can be drilled deeper (into potentially more-unstable
and violent formations) with a smaller bit, and also cased with a
smaller size casing. Modern wells often have two to five sets of
subsequently smaller hole sizes drilled inside one another, each
cemented with casing.

8. To drill the well:
 The drill bit, aided by the weight of thick walled pipes called "drill
collars" above it, cuts into the rock. There are different types of drill
bit; some cause the rock to disintegrate by compressive failure,
while others shear slices off the rock as the bit turns.
 Drilling fluid, a.k.a. "mud", is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe
and exits at the drill bit. Drilling mud is a complex mixture of fluids,
solids and chemicals that must be carefully tailored to provide the
correct physical and chemical characteristics required to safely drill
the well. Particular functions of the drilling mud include cooling the
bit, lifting rock cuttings to the surface, preventing destabilisation of
the rock in the wellbore walls and overcoming the pressure of fluids
inside the rock so that these fluids do not enter the wellbore.

9.  The generated rock "cuttings" are swept up by the drilling fluid as it
circulates back to surface outside the drill pipe. The fluid then goes
through "shakers" which strain the cuttings from the good fluid which
is returned to the pit. Watching for abnormalities in the returning
cuttings and monitoring pit volume or rate of returning fluid are
imperative to catch "kicks" early. A "kick" is when the formation
pressure at the depth of the bit is more than the hydrostatic head of
the mud above, which if not controlled temporarily by closing the
blowout preventers and ultimately by increasing the density of the
drilling fluid would allow formation fluids and mud to come up
through the annulus uncontrollably.
 The pipe or drill string to which the bit is attached is gradually
lengthened as the well gets deeper by screwing in additional 30-foot
(9 m) sections or "joints" of pipe under the kelly or top drive at the
surface. This process is called making a connection. Usually, joints
are combined into three joints equaling one stand. Some smaller
rigs only use two joints and some rigs can handle stands of four
joints.
 This process is all facilitated by a drilling rig which contains all
necessary equipment to circulate the drilling fluid, hoist and turn the
pipe, control down hole, remove cuttings from the drilling fluid, and
generate on-site power for these operations.

10. Offshore drilling
 Offshore drilling refers to a mechanical process where a wellbore
is drilled through the seabed. It is typically carried out in order to
explore for and subsequently produce hydrocarbons which lie in rock
formations beneath the seabed. Most commonly, the term is used to
describe drilling activities on the continental shelf, though the term
can also be applied to drilling in lakes, inshore waters and inland
seas.
 Offshore drilling presents environmental challenges, both from the
produced hydrocarbons and the materials used during the drilling
operation.
 There are many different types of facilities from which offshore
drilling operations take place. These include bottom founded drilling
rigs (jackup barges and swamp barges), combined drilling and
production facilities either bottom founded or floating platforms, and
deepwater mobile offshore drilling units (MODU) including semi-
submersibles and drillships. These are capable of operating in water
depths up to 10,000 ft. In shallower waters the mobile units are
anchored to the seabed, however in deeper water (>5,000 ft) the
semisubmersibles or drillships are maintained at the required drilling
location using dynamic positioning.

11.  Offshore drilling program
 Deepwater drilling

12. Electric generator
 In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces
electric charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an
external electrical circuit. It is analogous to a water pump, which
causes water to flow (but does not create water). The source of
mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine,
water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion
engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air or any other
source of mechanical energy.
 The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy
is done by an electric motor, and motors and generators have many
similarities. Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate
electricity, and frequently make acceptable generators.

14. Engine-generator
 An engine-generator is the combination of an electrical generator
and an engine (prime mover) mounted together to form a single
piece of equipment. This combination is also called an engine-
generator set or a gen-set. In many contexts, the engine is taken for
granted and the combined unit is simply called a generator.

15. Gas compressor
 A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the
pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
 Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a
fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are
compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas.
Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some can be
compressed, the main action of a pump is to pressurize and
transport liquids.

16. Discipline Lead Engineer

17. Vessel
 A craft for traveling on water, now usually one larger than an
ordinary rowboat; a ship or boat.

18. Seperator
 The term separator in oilfield terminology designates a pressure
vessel used for separating well fluids produced from oil and gas
wells into gaseous and liquid components. A separator for
petroleum production is a large vessel designed to separate
production fluids into their constituent components of oil, gas and
water. A separating vessel may be referred to in the following ways:
Oil and gas separator, Separator, Stage separator, Trap,
Knockout vessel (Knockout drum, knockout trap, water knockout,
or liquid knockout), Flash chamber (flash vessel or flash trap),
Expansion separator or expansion vessel, Scrubber (gas
scrubber), Filter (gas filter). These separating vessels are normally
used on a producing lease or platform near the wellhead, manifold,
or tank battery to separate fluids produced from oil and gas wells
into oil and gas or liquid and gas.

19. Crane
 A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire
ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower
materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting
heavy things and transporting them to other places. It uses one or
more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus
move loads beyond the normal capability of a man. Cranes are
commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and
unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of
materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of
heavy equipment.

20. Maintenance
 Maintenance, repair, and operations[1] (MRO) or maintenance,
repair, and overhaul[2] involves fixing any sort of mechanical,
plumbing or electrical device should it become out of order or broken
(known as repair, unscheduled or casualty maintenance). It also
includes performing routine actions which keep the device in working
order (known as scheduled maintenance) or prevent trouble from
arising (preventive maintenance). MRO may be defined as, "All
actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in
or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions
include the combination of all technical and corresponding
administrative, managerial, and supervision actions." [3]

21. Demand

22. Mechanical lead rotating and
static equipment

23. Mechancial

24. HSE advisor

25. HSE advisor

26. Senior maintenance engineer

27. Technical manager