Toy Safety – A Guide to the Latest Updates to ASTM F963

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Toy Safety – A Guide to the Latest
Updates to ASTM F963
Karolyn Helda, Managing Director, AI ANSECO
Chris Goller, Manager - Client Services and Global Programs, AI ANSECO

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We Assess Product Safety and
Compliance to International Standards
 Four ISO 17025-accredited in-house labs in the
U.S., Hong Kong and China: 130 lab engineers and
technicians catering to your compliance needs for
Toys, Softlines, Eyewear, Gifts and Accessories.
 A network of accredited lab associates worldwide,
offering physical and chemical tests.
 Safety testing to international, national and
regional standards: ISO, EN, ASTM, ANSI, CPSIA,
FDA, AS/NZ, GB, REACH, RoHS.

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Introduction to ASTM F963

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Introduction to ASTM F963: Purpose
Purpose of Standard:
 Establish nationally recognized safety
requirements for toys
 Establish testing procedures or methods for
the corresponding safety requirements (various
requirements for different age limits)
 Establish guidelines and requirements for
labeling, instructional literature and
producer’s markings
 Reduce hazards associated with normal,
intended use and reasonably foreseeable
abuse of the toys

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Introduction to ASTM F963: Scope
ASTM F963 regulates toys, defined as:
Any object designed, manufactured or marketed as a plaything for children
under 14 years of age (excluding products listed in the next slide)

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Articles that are NOT covered by this standard:
1. Bicycle or Tricycle
2. Non-powered Scooters
3. Recreational Powered Scooters or Pocket Bikes
4. Sling Shots or Sharp-pointed Darts
5. Playground Equipment
6. Non-powder Guns
7. Kites
8. Hobby and Craft Item (Finished item not primarily of play value)
9. Model Kit (Finished item not primarily of play value)
10. Crayons, Paints, Chalks and other similar art materials (The material and finished item not
primarily of play value) except that all art materials, whether or not a component of a toy, must
comply with LHAMA
11. Sporting Goods, Camping Goods, Athletic Equipment, Musical Instruments, Juvenile Products
or Furniture (However toys that are their counterparts are covered)
12. Powered Models of Aircraft, Rockets, Boats or Land Vehicles (However toys that are their
counterparts are covered)
13. Constant Air Inflatables
Introduction ASTM F963

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Overview of Changes:
From ASTM F963-11 to ASTM F963-16

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Requirements with Significant Changes
Publication of
ASTM F963
version 2016
ASTM formally
notified the CPSC
CPSC will make decision
on the adoption of the
updated standard
The standard will
become mandatory if it
is adopted by CPSC
October 20, 2016 November 1, 2016 Before January 29, 2017 April 29, 2017
Time Line:
Requirements that have significant changes from ASTM F963-11
1. Chemical Requirements
2. Microbiological Requirements
3. Physical Requirements
4. Electrical Requirements
5. Magnet Requirements
6. Labeling, Instruction and Producer Marking Requirements

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Heavy Elements
 Extend the use of alternative screening method for homogenous polymers (from Total
Lead to All 8 Heavy Metals):
– X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry using Multiple Monochromatic Excitation Beams
(HD-XRF)
Chemical Requirements

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Heavy Elements - Clarifications
 Exemption under 16 CFR 1500.91:
– Exemption of certain materials from testing for total lead is extended to soluble lead only, not
the other elements
(except for paper and paperboard which are exempt from soluble testing for all elements)
 Stickers:
1. Stickers consisting of a paper substrate with no laminate coating are exempt from substrate
testing per paper exemption
2. Stickers printed on a plastic or nonporous substrate or have a laminated plastic coating are to
be tested as a single polymeric material
3. If scrapeable, ink or surface coating is tested as surface coating
 Textile material:
– If printing is easily separated from the textile substrate, it shall be separated from the
substrate and be tested as a surface coating
 Metallic toys or metallic toy components:
– If the result of total screening test for cadmium is below 75 ppm, metal small part components
are deemed compliant to the extraction of cadmium test (200µg)
Chemical Requirements

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Cosmetic, Liquids, Pastes, Putties, Gels, Powders and Items of Avian Feather Origin
1. Updated and expanded the scope of microbiological safety through adding Items of
Avian Feather Origin
2. Provided additional test protocol:
– Microbiological cleanliness testing: CTFA Microbiology Guidelines M-1 and M-2
– Preservative Effectiveness: CTFA Microbiology Guidelines M-3 and M-6
3. Test method citation updated to the latest version:
– Microbiological cleanliness testing : USP 24  USP 35 <61> and <62>
– Preservative Effectiveness: USP 24  USP 35 <51>
4. Added microorganism requirements and specified acceptable microbial limits for
cleanliness of materials and preservative effectiveness:
– To specify acceptable microbial loads for various product categories.
– To specify pathogens which must be absent for various product categories.
– To clarify how and specify a method by which formulations are to be evaluated to determine
the need for microbial challenge testing and thus which products must be tested.
– To specify a minimum standard set of organisms to be utilized for microbial challenge testing.
5. Clarified the microbiological requirements for process water
Microbiological Requirements

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Cleanliness of Materials
Product Categories Microbial Limits (cfu/mL or cfu/gm)
Infant product 100 (500)1
Product such as face paints or cosmetics intended for use by a child or on a doll
or similar product (excluding lip balms, lip glosses, lipsticks and the like items)
which have a high likelihood of being used in the area of the eye
100 (500)1
Avian feather products 5000
All other products 1000 (5000)1
1 Due to the variability introduced by the dilution process, up to 5 x 102 cfu/mL or cfu/gm for infant or face paint and up to 5 x 103 cfu/ml or
cfu/gm for all other products can be considered to be an acceptable result.
 Additionally, following organisms shall not be detected:
– Pseudomonas sp.
– Escherichia coli
– Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp.
– Salmonella sp.
– Shigella sp. (for Avian Feathers only)

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Preservative Effectiveness
 Added following example products that would NOT be subjected to microbial challenge
tests (products with a low likelihood of supporting microbial growth are anhydrous, or
have a water activity below 0.5, or have some other characteristic which serves to
inhibit microbial growth):
– Wax based products
– Siloxane and its derivative
based products
– Lip balms
– Pomades
– Ointments
– Powders (anhydrous or nearly so,
and non-hygroscopic)
– Products with an alcohol content
equal to or greater than 20% (v/v)
– Products with a pH of less than 3 or
greater than 10
– Avian feather products

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Preservative Effectiveness
 Added following criteria used to evaluate the preservative effectiveness:
– Sampling is to be performed (at a minimum) at the following intervals: at inoculation plus 14
days and 28 days after inoculation
– Bacteria must exhibit a log reduction of >2 (that is population must be less than 1% of initial
inoculum) at 14 days, and show no increase from the 14-day result at 28 days
– Fungi, yeast and molds must exhibit no increase from the initial inoculum at either 14 or 28 days
 Test methods:
– USP 35 <51>
– CTFA Microbiology Guidelines M-3 and M-6
 Minimum list of organisms used to challenge preservative effectiveness:
– Staphylococcus aureus
– Escherichia coli
– Pseudomonas aeruginosa
– Candida albicans
– Aspergillus brasiliensis

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Process Water
 Added requirements for process water used in the manufacturing and filling of
toys:
– Heterotrophic plate count: < 10 cfu/ml
– The absence by test of coliform bacteria

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Stuffing Material
 Removed Pennsylvania (PA) state requirements due to the reason that state laws
should not be referenced in the ASTM standard adopted by CPSC
 Evaluation method of stuffing is simplified by allowing visual inspection using
Stereo Widefield Microscope or equivalent apparatus
Physical Requirements

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Acoustics
 Evaluation procedure is updated to be better aligned with:
– ISO 8124-1
– EN 71-1
 Phrases “continuous sounds” and “impulsive sounds” replaced by measurement
type: LAeq and LCpeak, respectively.
 Pull and push toys: added definition and updated test parameters:
– Definition: a toy with a cord / tether or a handle attached to the toy and where the
toy is intended for use on the ground with the child in a standing / upright position,
typically walking, while using the toy
– Speed at which the pull and push toy are operated to product maximum sound
level is lowered from 2m/s to 1m/s
 Updated the C-weighted peak limit for close-to-the-ear toys:
– The limit is raised from 95 dB to 110 dB (to align with EN 71-1)

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Ride-on Toys and Toy Seats
 Product with multiple wheels centered on the same axle with spacing 150 mm or less
is considered as a single wheel and does not require to test for stability of ride-on
toys and toy seats
 The overload test for ride-on toys intended to accommodate multiple children is
modified to provide a more stringent test (Now, all seating/standing are tested
simultaneously instead of tested individually)
Cords, Straps and Elastics in Ride-on Toys
 Added exemption from the free length and loop requirements for straps used in
waist restraints on ride-on toys

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Mouth-actuated Projectile Toys
 Small part requirements and test methods for mouth-actuated projectile toy
which may lead to choking hazard is added
 The toy must have a permanently installed means to prevent passage of the
projectile backwards into the user’s mouth

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Projectile Toys
 Updated and added definition related to projectile (I):
– Projectile: an object intended to be launched into a free flight.
 Does not include self-propelled flying toys such as remote control helicopters and
wind-up airplanes
– Projectile toy with stored energy: toy with a
projectile launched by means of a discharge
mechanism capable of storing energy
independent of the user and typically requiring
at least one discrete action by the user to
launch the projectile.
 Example: rockets propelled by a chemical
reaction or compressed gases where the
energy can be stored independent of the
user.

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Projectile Toys
 Updated and added definition related to projectile (II):
– Projectile toy without stored energy: toy with a projectile propelled by energy
imparted by the user or by means of a discharge mechanism incapable of storing
energy independent of the user

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Projectile Toys
 In general, changes are made to align with standards, ISO 8124-1 and EN 71-1
 Clarified that the following products are not applicable to the projectile toy requirement:
– Ground-based toys or components of toys
– Projectiles that travel less than 300mm
 Apparatus tip assessment gauge is added for projectile with a ridged leading edge:
– All projectiles with rigid leading edges shall not protrude through the gauge
Tip Assessement Gauge

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Projectile Toys
 A minimum length requirement of 57 mm is established for suction cup projectiles
which pass through the same ball gauge
Example of Suction Cup with a Foam Shaft

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Projectile Toys
 For projectile toys with stored energy:
– Any projectile that has a kinetic energy that exceeds 0.08J shall have a resilient
leading edge
– The maximum Kinetic Energy Density (KED), also known as kinetic energy per unit
area of contact, shall not be greater than 2500 J/m2
– Exemption to small part requirements are established for the following projectiles
toys that are intended for children three years old or older:
1. Projectiles that travel 100 mm or less when tested for Projectile Launched Distance
2. Small parts that are released from a projectile after abuse testing and that are either not
capable of being launched or travel 100 mm or less when tested according to Projectile
Launched Distance
3. Small parts of foam that are released from projectiles whose shafts are completely made
of foam after abuse test
 For both projectiles with stored energy and arrows fired without stored energy
– Testing conditions are added for impact test

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Projectile Toys
 Added requirements that rotors on projectiles intended to rotate in a horizontal plane
shall be protected. Examples include:
– Design of the rotor prevents access to the blade ends during operation
– Rotor blades are curved or swept back
– Blade ends are clutched or loosely attached to the rotor so that the ends are not
directly powered by the rotor drive
– Rotors are designed to have resilient leading edge

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Squeeze Toys
 The impaction hazard requirement is clarified to only apply to the portion of the toy
which has the squeeze function.
For example if a squeeze toy is attached to another toy which is not a squeeze toy,
only the squeeze toy parts are subject to the requirement
 This change is intended to address products where a squeeze toy is attached to a ring.
The ring would not be subject to the squeeze toy requirements because it is not a
squeeze toy.
Expanding Material Toys
 New requirements are added for a small part
expanding material toy which may expand
significantly after being swallowed by a child,
creating a gastrointestinal blockage:
– The expanding material shall completely
pass through the gauge Expanding Toy Test Template

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Toy Chests
 Reincorporated requirements for toy chest from ASTM F963-07e1 (exempted in 2011
version)
 Added procedure for lid support mechanism:
Check the complete arc of travel of the lid from the 2 in. (50 mm) opened position to
the 60° position at 5° increments. Repeat the evaluation starting at the 60° opened
position to within 2 in. (50 mm) from closed position at 5° increments.

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Electrical Requirements
Battery Operated Toys
Added definitions for cell and battery:
 Primary battery: one or more primary cells, including case, terminals and markings
 Primary cell: basic functional unit providing a source of electrical energy by direct
conversion of chemical energy, which consists of an assembly of electrodes,
separators, electrolyte, container and terminals, and that is not designed to be
electrically recharged
 Secondary battery: assembly of secondary cell(s) ready for use as a source of
electrical energy characterized by its voltage, size, terminal arrangement, capacity
and rate capability
 Secondary cell: basic functional unit providing a source of electrical energy by direct
conversion of chemical energy, which consists of electrodes, separators, electrolyte,
container and terminals, and that is designed to be electrically recharged

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 New electrical test requirements for rechargeable cells and batteries, such as
lithium batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries:
– Battery overcharge test
– Repetitive overcharge test
 For toys that contain secondary cells or secondary batteries:
– Clarified that requirements below do not apply to the main drive circuit of battery-powered ride-
on toys powered by batteries other than lithium batteries
– Added requirements for toys operated from lithium ion or lithium ion polymer batteries that the
cell / batteries shall comply with at least one of the following standards:
• ANSI C18.2M Part 2
• UL 1642 (cells used in lithium batteries) or UL 2054 (Lithium batteries)
• IEC 62133
– Added new reference standards for batteries charged outside of the toy:
• ANSI/UL 2595
• IEC 60950-1
(Compliance with the cells/batteries standards may be established by appropriate documentation
rather than third party testing)
– Single fault charging test
– Short circuit protection test

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 Short Circuit Protection Requirements were added for batteries and chargers
– Includes test parameters for removable batteries, toys using lithium batteries and toys using
nickel metal hydride batteries
– Added to prevent short circuits which can cause overcharging and overheating

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Magnet Requirements
 New definition of “magnetic/electrical experimental sets” is added.
– Definition: Toy containing one or more magnets intended for carrying out educational
experiments involving both magnetism and electricity
– Example: Electrical motors, loudspeakers, doorbell etc.
– “Magnetic/electrical experimental sets” replace “Hobby, craft, and science kit type items” in the
scope of product that could be exempted if specific safety labeling is present (Narrowed the
types of product that are applicable to the exemption)
 Added magnet use and abuse tests which aligned with ISO 8124-1 and EN 71-1:
– Soaking test for wooden toys used in water and mouth pieces of mouth actuated toys with
magnet to be performed prior to other use and abuse tests
– Compression test
– Drop test
– Specified metal disk to use for cycle test when toy contains no mating metal part
 Clarified that use and abuse tests on magnets for use by children aged over 8 should
follow the same test parameters as magnets for use by children between 3 and 8 years old.
Magnet Requirements

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New Button or Coin Cell Batteries Labeling
 If the toy is operated with button or coin cell batteries of nominal 1.5 Volts or is
greater than 15mm in diameter, and fits within the small parts cylinder, the packaging
shall bear the following warning:
 If the toy does not contain instructions, the label shall appear either on the package or
in an insert packed with product. The labeling shall consist of :
– WARNING This product contains a Button or Coin Cell Battery. A swallowed Button or Coin Cell Battery
can cause internal chemical burns in as little as two hours and lead to death. Dispose of used batteries
immediately. Keep new and used batteries away from children. If you think batteries might have been
swallowed or placed inside any part of the body, seek immediate medical attention.
Magnets Labeling
 Magnetic / electrical experimental sets must contain warnings on packaging and in
operating instructions
 The safety alert symbol is now required to appear before the hazard alerting
message
Labeling Requirements

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Toy Chests Instruction
 Reincorporated the requirements for toy chests from ASTM F963-07e1 (it is exempted
in 2011 version)
New Battery Powered Ride-on Toys Instruction
 Instruction shall contain guidance for safe use and maintenance of the toy with the
following information for safe use:
– Maximum weight and/or age limitations
– Kinds of appropriate surfaces
– Warning statement which appears on the product
– “Only use the battery(ies) specified by the manufacturer”
– “Only use the charger(s) specified by the manufacturer”
Modified Battery Operated Toys Instruction
 Information that is required to be marked in the instructions is amended by removing
the term “nickel-cadmium” as follows:
“Do not mix alkaline, standard (carbon-zinc), or rechargeable (nickel-cadmium) batteries”.
Instruction Requirements

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Toy Chests Producer’s Marking
 Reincorporated the requirements for toy chest from ASTM F963-07e1 (it is exempted
in 2011 version)
Producer’s Markings Requirements

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