1. AP Chapter 24 The New Era
Commonly known as the “Roaring
Twenties”, this new era for America
was the backdrop for a clashing of
old and new, traditionalists vs.
liberalism, country life vs. city life. It
was a time of significant change in
terms of social, economic and
political views.

2. • The 1920’s was an era of rapid change and
clashing values. Many Americans believed
society was losing its traditional values and
they took action to preserve these values.
Other Americans embraced new values
associated with a freer lifestyle and the
pursuit of individual goals.

3. • A disillusioned America turned away from
idealism after WWI and many turned toward
social conservatism—they turned inward and
became hostile to anything foreign or
different

4. The New Economy
• The US economy experienced a time of
remarkable growth and prosperity—however
still serious inequalities and imbalances
among the people.

5. What was the ‘Boom’?

6. major economic developments of the
1920’s
• Assembly line and Mass Production-created
the consumer economy with the automobile
at its center.

7. Paved roads
New towns due
New industries
to new
(car, gas)
highways
New architectural
styles of homes
Urban sprawl (garages, carports,
driveways)
Vacations,
shopping, & Gas stations
entertainment Impact of the
Automobile
Tunnels Car repair shops
Traffic signals Motels
Shopping centers Tourist camps

8. Let the good times roll!
Sales of Consumer Goods 1915 - 1930
1919 Cars 1929
9 million 26 million
1920 1929
Radios
60,000 10 million
1915 1930
Telephones
10 million 20 million
1921 1929
Refrigerators
For every one … There were 167
Overall, the output of American industry doubled in the 1920s

9. The New Culture—A Consumer Society
• Per capita income $522-1921 $716-1928—
greater than anywhere in the world.
• Nation’s manufacturing output rose 60%
• Inflation—almost nonexistent

10. Why?
• European Needs—US could provide supplies
to rebuild Europe
• Technology—automobile …
• Communication—radio, motion picture,
• Energy-oil reserves and coal fields abundant

11. Labor in the New Era
• Welfare Capitalism—some employers eager to
avoid labor unrest adopted this—shortened
work week, raised wages, and instituted paid
vacation. Also some safety and sanitation
• Only a small number of workers were
involved.
• It helped to keep Unions out of industry

12. Women and Minorities in the Work
Force
• Women: “Pink Collar” jobs-low paying service
occupations—secretaries, sales clerks,
telephone operators
• African Americans: “Great Migration”
produced many unskilled workers who took
jobs as janitors, dishwashers, garbage
collectors, laundry attendants, domestics

13. • Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters-1925-
• A. Philip Randolph
• Railroad employees- powerful labor union
• Asians: Chinese Exclusion Act kept the Chinese
out. Japanese took their place. The Issei
(Japanese immigrants) and the Nisei (children
born in American of Japanese parents) did have
some success by establishing their own
businesses. So much in fact that legislation was
passed against them between 1913 and 1920 to
make it much more difficult for them to purchase
land.

14. Mexicans
• ½ million entered the US in the 1920s. Most
lived along border states. Living conditions
were poor. Barrios in cities-no services like
running water and sewage. Worked in
factories, shops, mines, migratory farm
laborers.

15. The American Plan
• Unions were weak due to the strength of the
corporations. Unionism was equated to
subversive activities. Employers wanted an
“open shop” rather than union's. This was
called the American Plan—requiring no
worker to join a union. Plan was endorsed by
the National Association of Manufactures and
the Government supported it as well.
• Membership dropped in the 1920’s

16. Mass Consumer Culture
• Electricity in homes enabled millions of
Americans to purchase the new consumer
appliances of the decade—
• Automobiles became very affordable and sold
by the millions—by 1929 over 26.5 million

17. Impact of the Automobile
• More than anything else the car changed the
pattern of American life—socially,
economically and geographically.

18. The Advertising Industry
• The growth of business produced the advertising
industry
• Businesses offered the installment plan, which
allowed consumers to use credit to purchase
expensive items a little at a time
• America became a consumer society for the first
time (status was measure by how many “things”
you owned
• However, people were going into debt and saving
less money

21. • Newspapers and magazines began to
appear—The Saturday Evening Post, Reader’s
Digest, Time, Fortune, Life, Sports Illustrated—
delivered to homes—carried advertisements
and stories—made artists and writers famous

22. The Movies and Broadcasting
• Silent films were well attended, but in 1927
the first “talkie” The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson
was an huge success. The son of a Jewish
Cantor must defy his father in order to pursue
his dream of becoming a jazz singer.
• http://youtu.be/TncSKQXYENQ
• Birth of a Nation

23. Radio
• The really important communications
appliance was the radio. It developed news
programs, soap operas, farm shows, comedy
shows—just about anything one could ask for.

24. Religion
• Religion was taking a back seat to other forms
of family activities. But not by everyone..

25. Fundamentalism
• Fundamentalism is the belief that the Bible is
literally true, because it was written by God
and cannot contain contradictions or errors
• The rise of fundamentalism in the 1920s was
caused by the belief that traditional life was
under attack
• Fundamentalists attacked women’s suffrage,
education, and science

26. • Women’s suffrage was attacked by
fundamentalists who believed that it upset
traditional gender roles
• Evangelical ministers spread the word of the
fundamentalists at revivals & over the radio
Billy Sunday,
Evangelical
Preacher

27. • Page 818—Professional Women and Changing
Ideas of Motherhood

28. The Playful flapper here we see,
The fairest of the fair.
She's not what Grandma used to be,
You might say, au contraire.
Her girlish ways may make a stir,
Her manners cause a scene,
But there is no more harm in her
Than in a submarine.
She nightly knocks for many a goal
The usual dancing men.
Her speed is great, but her control
Is something else again.
All spotlights focus on her pranks.
All tongues her prowess herald.
For which she well may render thanks
To God and Scott Fitzgerald.
Her golden rule is plain enough -
Just get them young and treat them
rough.
by Dorothy Parker

29. Women in the 1920’s
• The Flapper—a modern women of the 20’s.
• Fashion took on a modern look during the
1920’s

30. “Flappers” sought
individual freedom
Ongoing crusade for
equal rights
Most women remain in
the “cult of domesticity”
sphere
Discovery of adolescence
Teenaged children no
longer needed to work
and indulged their
craving for excitement

31. Fashions

32. Flappers pursued
social freedoms by
entering the work
force as salesclerks,
secretaries and
phone operators as
well as making
contributions in
science, medicine,
law and literature.

33. Thoroughly Modern Millie
• http://youtu.be/KVNcLUE87HQ

34. Education and Youth
• The Belief in the value of education stimulated
more state governments to anact compulsory
school laws
• More people were attending school than ever
before—high school students doubled in the
20’s—this allowed students to create a culture
of their own with their own hobbies,
extracurricular activities, clubs etc.—a
teenage culture developed.

35. The Youth Culture

36. • http://local.aaca.org/bntc/slang/slang.htm

37. Lost Generation
A group of novelists and poets
including Ernest Hemingway
and poets Ezra Pound and T.S.
Eliot, abandoned the US for
Europe.
Many of writers expressed
disillusionment with the
materialism that they
witnessed.

38. Poets and Writers
• Ernest Hemingway “For Whom the Bell Tolls”
• “ A Farewell to Arms”
• F. Scott Fitzgerald “The Great Gatsby”
• Many of these artist and authors were
distraught due to the lack of direction or
vision for America. The ideals of progressivism
were gone and were replaced by big business,
consumerism and politics.

39. The Harlem Renaissance
• After WWI, black populations swelled in large
northern cities—particularly in the New York
City neighborhood of Harlem. It was there
that African Americans created an
environment that stimulated artistic
development, racial pride, a sense of
community and political organization. The
result was a flowering of AA arts that became
known as the Harlem Renaissance.

40. Writers
• One of the most prolific, original, and versatile
writers of the Harlem Renaissance was
Langston Hughes. He became a leading voice
of the African American experience in the US.

41. The Negro Speaks of Rivers
I've known rivers:
I've known rivers ancient as the
world and older than the flow
of human blood in human veins.
My soul has grown deep like the
rivers.
I bathed in the Euphrates when
dawns were young.
I built my hut near the Congo and it
lulled me to sleep.
I looked upon the Nile and raised
the pyramids above it.
I heard the singing of the
Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went
down to New Orleans, and I've
seen its muddy bosom turn

42. Jazz, Blues and the Theater
• Jazz-a new style of music influenced by
Dixieland music and ragtime, with its ragged
rhythms and syncopated melodies.
• http://youtu.be/9idqeiACqn4
• http://youtu.be/E2VCwBzGdPM
• Duke Ellington
• Louis Armstrong
• The Cotton Club

43. •Beginning of the Jazz Age in New
York City
•Acceptance of African American
culture
•African American literature and
music

44. J
A
Z
Z

46. A Conflict of Cultures
• How did events reveal the major cultural
conflicts of the 1920’s?
• Sacco-Vanzetti case
• Immigration restrictions
• Prohibition
• Nativisim and the KKK
• The Scope Trial

47. The Sacco-Vanzetti Case-demonstrated
the resurgence of nativism and the
cultural divide of the nation

48. • Both Italian immigrants (anarchist)
• Convicted of murder during a robbery
• Evidence was insufficient, found guilty and
executed in 1927

49. Controlling Immigration-sought to
keep out the “wrong sort”
• After WWI, American immigration policies
changed in response to the postwar recession
and nativist pleas to “Keep America American”.
• In 1921, President Harding signed the Emergency
Quota Act, which established a temporary quota
system.
• Only 3% on the total number of people in any
ethnic group already living in the US could be
admitted in a single year.
• http://www.usimmigrationsupport.org/immigrati
on-us.html

50. •The U.S. Government began to restrict certain
“undesirable” immigrants from entering the
U.S.
•Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of
1921, in which newcomers from Europe were
restricted at any year to a quota, which was set
at 3% of the people of their nationality who
lived in the U.S. in 1910.
•Immigration Act of 1924, the quota down to
2% and the origins base was shifted to that of
1890, when few southeastern Europeans lived in
America.

51. Prohibition-represented an
unsuccessful attack on urban,
immigrant culture
• The 18th Amendment- making the
manufacturing, selling and distributing of
liquor illegal.
• Enforcing the new law proved to be very
difficult. Americans blatantly ignored the law.
Speakeasies, bootlegging and hip flasks
became part of common speech.

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53. •Goal: was to reduce crime and poverty
and improve the quality of life by making
it impossible for people to get their hands
on alcohol.
•Called the "Noble Experiment"
•Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went
dry.
•The 18th Amendment, known as the
Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture,
sale and possession of alcohol in America.
Prohibition lasted for thirteen years.
•So was born the industry of bootlegging,
speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.

54. •No other law in America has been violated so
flagrantly by so many "decent law-abiding"
people.
•Overnight, many became criminals.
•Mobsters controlled liquor created a
booming black market economy.
•Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925
there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New
York City alone.

55. Organized Crime
• Organized crime specialized in supplying and
often ran the speakeasies. Crime became big
business and some gangsters had enough
money to corrupt local politicians. Al Capone
became the most notorious gangsters of the
era.

56. The Red Scare
• Americans had become very anti-German as
the war progressed, and when the
Communists withdrew Russia from the war,
they seemed to be helping Germany.
American anger at Germany quickly expanded
into anger at Communists as well. Americans
began to associate communism with being
unpatriotic and disloyal.

57. Nativism Resurges
• The fear and prejudice many felt toward
Germans and Communists expanded to
include all immigrants. This triggered a
general rise in racism and in nativism, the
desire to protect the interests of old-stock
Americans against those of immigrants.

58. Return of the KKK-functioned as an all
purpose hate group—terrorists
• At the forefront to restrict immigration, the
new KKK targeted not only African Americans,
but also Catholics, Jews and other groups
believed to represent “un American” values.
• By 1924 membership in the Klan exploded,
reaching nearly 4 million.

59. The Scopes Trial-reflected
the fundamentalist rejection
of modern science
• New ideas & fundamentalism clashed during
the Scopes Trial--A historic trial that pinned
evolutionists and creationists against each
other.
• A Tennessee teacher, John Scopes, was arrested
and tried for teaching Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution instead of the Bible’s account of
Creation

60. The Scopes Trial
• Main Characters:
• John T. Scopes—science teacher who taught
evolution
• William Jennings Bryan—prosecutor,
represented the creationists
• Clarence Darrow—most famous trial lawyer at
the time, defended Scopes

61. Darrow and Jennings

62. Inherit the Wind
• Film about the Scopes Trial
• http://youtu.be/S_DQUAuNUvw
• http://youtu.be/A6Gk5H3c5f8
• http://youtu.be/ECITwTYSIsg
• http://youtu.be/l5Kdc0LLSW8

63. Red Summer
• The worst violence occurred in Chicago. On a
hot July day, African Americans found
themselves at a White only beach.
• http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2011/10/12/r
ed-summer

64. Art and Literature
• John Marin

65. Edward Hopper

66. Popular Culture
• The economic prosperity of the 1920’s provided
many Americans with more leisure time and
more spending money, which they devoted to
making their lives more enjoyable.
• Baseball and Boxing

67. Charles Lindbergh
• He flew the first transatlantic flight in his
plane called the Spirit of St. Louis and became
a national hero

68. African American Politics
• The racial pride that sparked the artistic
achievements of the Harlem Renaissance also
fueled the political and economic aspirations
of many African Americans.
• A dynamic black leader from Jamaica, of
millions of African Marcus Garvey captured
the imagination Americas with his call for
“Negro Nationalism” which glorified the black
culture and traditions of the past.

69. Marcus Garvey

70. “Return to Normalcy”
• This was Warren Harding’s campaign slogan.
• 2 presidents during the 1920’s:
• Warren Harding
• Calvin Coolidge

71. The War’s Impact
• Racial Unrest: As hundreds of thousands of
white American soldiers from Europe returned
home looking for a job, clashes occurred with
the African Americans who had moved north
during the war to take those jobs. Frustration
and racism combined to produce violence. In
the summer of 1919, over 20 race riots broke
out across the nation.

72. Red Summer
• The worst violence occurred in Chicago. On a
hot July day, African Americans found
themselves at a White only beach.
• http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2011/10/12/r
ed-summer