1. This PowerPoint Presentation is made by ARLENE G.
SALUSTIANO through compilation of different internet
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2. http://creative-
harmonics.org/pages/sacred-science-art-
and-consciousness/sacred-science-
article/mandalas/sacred-science-
mandalamdashphysical-human.php

3. http://lady-
rosales.blogspot.com/2010/08/bo
dy-system-integumentary-system-
skin.html

6. INTRODUCTION
The integumentary system consists of the
skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its main
function is to act as a barrier to protect the
body from the outside world. It also
functions to retain body fluids, protect
against disease, eliminate waste products,
and regulate body temperature. In order to
do these things, the integumentary system
works with all the other systems of your
body, each of which has a role to play in
maintaining the internal conditions that a
human body needs to function properly.

7. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The integumentary system has many functions, most of
which are involved in protecting you and regulating your
body’s internal functions in a variety of ways:
•Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs
•Protects against invasion by infectious organisms
•Protects the body from dehydration
•Protects the body against abrupt changes in
temperature
•Helps dispose of waste materials
•Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and
cold
•Stores water and fat

8. HOW DOES THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM WORK WITH OTHER
SYSTEMS?
Your body is a complicated system that consists
of many subsystems that help to keep it
functioning properly. These subsystems serve a
variety of purposes and require needed
materials to function properly, as well as
means of communicating information to other
parts of the body. Thus, the skin and other parts
of the integumentary system work with other
systems in your body to maintain and support
the conditions that your cells, tissues, and
organs need to function properly.

9. The skin is one of the first defense mechanisms in
your immune system. Tiny glands in the skin
secrete oils that enhance the barrier function of
the skin. Immune cells live in the skin and provide
the first line of defense against infections.
By helping to synthesize and absorb vitamin D, the
integumentary system works with the digestive
system to encourage the uptake of calcium from
our diet. This substance enters the bloodstream
though the capillary networks in the skin. Healthy
functioning of your skin also is related to the
digestive system because the digestion and
assimilation of dietary fats and oils are essential
for the body to be able to make the protective
oils for the skin and hair.

10. The integumentary system also works
closely with the circulatory system and
the surface capillaries through your body.
Because certain substances can enter the
bloodstream through the capillary
networks in the skin, patches can be used to
deliver medications in this manner for
conditions ranging from heart problems
(nitroglycerin) to smoking cessation
(nicotine patches).

11. The skin also is important in helping to
regulate your body temperature. If you are
too hot or too cold, your brain sends nerve
impulses to the skin, which has three ways to
either increase or decrease heat loss from
the body's surface: hairs on the skin trap
more warmth if they are standing up, and
less if they are lying flat; glands under the
skin secrete sweat onto the surface of the
skin in order to increase heat loss by
evaporation if the body is too hot;
capillaries near the surface can open when
your body needs to cool off and close when
you need to conserve heat.

12. Your skin plays a vital role in your
body as regards the sense of touch.
The nervous system depends on
neurons embedded in your skin to sense
the outside world. It processes input
from your senses, including touch, and
initiates actions based on those inputs.
For example, when you stub your toe,
nerve cells in the foot send signals up
the leg, through the spinal cord, and up
into the brain. The nerve cell
connections in the brain sense these
signals as pain.

13. As well as interacting with the body systems as
explained above, the integumentary system
also contributes to numerous physiological
processes, especially those involved in the
regulation of the body’s internal environment
so as to maintain a stable condition. An
example is provided by the way that the skin
helps in temperature regulation by changes in
the pattern of blood supply to the skin and by
sweating, as mentioned above.
http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-
sheets/integumentary-system/

14. Parts of the Skin
Our skin is a complex engineered covering.
The skin has a slightly acidic coating of oil
at the surface. This coating protects the
skin against some bacteria. Below the
surface is a complex of sweat and oil
glands, hair follicles, blood vessels,
nerves, and muscle tissue. These are held
together by a tough connective tissue
called collagen.

15. Collagen is very important in
determining the health of the
skin. The relative health of the
collagen determines the
contour of the skin, how
wrinkled and lined it is. Healthy
collagen is often called soluble
collagen, because it can absorb
and hold moisture.

16. Below the collagen is a layer of
fat and muscle, which provides
some contour and acts as a cushion
and as insulation.
The skin has three layers. The
inner most layer is known as the
lower dermis, the middle layer is
called the dermis, and the outer
layer is known as the epidermis.

17. Lower Dermis
The various glands such as the oil and
sweat glands originate in the lower
dermis. From here, they rise to the
surface of the skin to eliminate waste
matter. Lower dermis also acts as a
cushion for the rest of the skin. It
contains the finely distributed
muscles of the skin which regulate
body temperature.

18. Dermis
The dermis is the layer that lies underneath
the epidermis, and it is composed entirely of
living cells. It consists of bundles of tough
fibers which give your skin its elasticity,
firmness and strength. There are also blood
vessels, which feed vital nutrients to these
areas.
The most important function of dermis is
respiration. The countless tiny blood vessels,
or capillaries end here in finely-drawn
networks, from where they feed the outer skin
layer. Dermis also determines the tone of the
skin.

19. Epidermis
This is the top layer of skin and the one you
can actually see. It protects your body from
invasion and infection and helps to seal in
moisture. It's built up of several layers of
living cells which are then topped by sheets
of dead cells. It's constantly growing, with
new cells being produced at its base. They
quickly die, and are pushed up to the surface
by the arrival of new ones, These dead cells
eventually flake away, which means that
every new layer of skin is another chance to
have a soft, glowing complexion.

20. The lower levels of living cells are
fed by the blood supply from
underneath, whereas the upper dead
cells only need water to ensure
they're kept plump and smooth.
The epidermis is responsible for your
coloring, as it holds the skin's pigment.
It ranges in thickness from l/20-th of
an inch on the palms and soles, to
1/200-th of an inch on the face.

21. The skin contains the following specialized
organs:
Sebaceous glands are tiny organs which
usually open into hair follicles on the
surface of your skin. They produce an oily
secretion, called sebum, which is your
skin's natural lubricant.
The sebaceous glands are most
concentrated on the scalp and face -
particularly around the nose, cheeks, chin
and forehead, which is why these are
usually the most oily areas of your skin.

22. Sweat glands are all over your body.
There are millions of them and their main
function is to regulate your body
temperature. When sweat evaporates on
the skin's surface, the temperature of
your skin drops.
Hairs grow from the hair follicles. They
can help keep your body warm by
trapping air underneath them. There are
no hairs on the soles of your feet and
palms of your hands.
1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_parts-of-the-skin.htm

26. Skin Imbalances & Aging
the skin can develop 1000
different ailments
the most common skin disorders
result from allergies or
infections
less common are burns and skin
cancers

27. A. Allergies
Contact Dermatitis
- allergic response
eg. poison ivy, metals, etc
B. Infections
1. viral
eg. cold sores
herpes simplex
especially around lips and oral mucosa
2. Fungal
eg. athletes foot

28. 3. Bacterial
eg. boils and carbuncles
-inflammation of hair follicle and
sebaceous glands esp. on dorsal side of
neck
eg. impetigo
Streptococcus infection

29. C. Genetic Diseases
1. Psoriasis
- chronic, noninfectious skin disease
skin becomes dry and scaly, often with pustules
- many varieties
cycle of skin cell production increases by 3-4x’s
normal
- stratum corneum gets thick as dead cells
accumulate seems to be a genetic component
often triggered by trauma, infection , hormonal
changes or stress

30. 2. Hypertrichosis (human werewolves)
patients show dense hair growth on faces
and upper bodies due to malfunction of
gene on x chromosome
‡ a gene silenced during evolution has
been reactivated

31. D. Burns
too much sunlight or heat categorized
by degree of penetration of skin layer
1st degree burns
skin is inflamed, red
surface layer of skin is shed
2nd degree burns
deeper injury
blisters form as fluid builds up beneath
outer layers of epidermis

32. 3rd degree burns
full thickness of skin is destroyed
sometimes even subcutaneous tissues
results in ulcerating wounds
typically results in catastrophic loss
of fluids:
Dehydration
electrolyte imbalances
also highly susceptible to infections
slow recovery (from cells of hair
follicles if they survive; otherwise
must heal from margins of wound)

33. may require:
autografts
cadaver skin
pig skin
prognosis may depend on extent of
damage
extend of burn damage estimated by “rule
of 9’s”

34. E. Skin Cancer
caused by excessive or chronic exposure to
UV, xrays or radiation
- most forms progress slowly and are
easily treated
-a few are deadly
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma
least malignant
- most common
stratum basale cant form keratin
lose boundary layer between epidermis
and dermis
results in tissue erosion and ulceration
99%% of these cancers are fully cured

35. 2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
cancer of the cells in stratum spinosum
usually induced by sun
cells grow rapidly and grow into the
lymphatic tissues

36. 3. Malignant Melanoma
cancer of pigment cells = melanocytes
rare –1% of skin cancers
deadly, poor chance of cure once it
develops
often begins with moles

37. F. Aging Skin
effects often become noticeable by late 40’s
Hair - thinner and grayer as melanocytes die
and mitosis slows
Oil glands - sebaceous glands atrophy
skin and hair become drier
Skin Layers - mitosis declines, collagen is lost
from dermis
skin becomes thinner and translucent
looser and sagging as elastic fibers are lost
and dermal papillae smooth out
fewer blood vessels and those remaining are
more fragile

38. more bruising, slower healing and rosacea‡ tiny
dilated blood vessels esp in nose and cheeks
age spots – accumulation of pigment cells
loss of immune cells and fibroblasts makes skin
more susceptible to recurring infections
thermoregulation is less efficient due to loss of
blood vessels and glands
‡ more vulnerable to hypothermia and
heatstroke
photoaging = an acceleration of skin aging due to
overexposure to sun (UV)
accounts for 90% of the changes that people find
medically troubling or cosmetically
disagreeable

39. G. Autoimmune Disease
eg. alopecia areata
causes hair to fall out in small round
patches -2% of population (4.7M in US) have
some form of it hair loss is usually short
term and limited to a few patches in rare
cases causes permanent loss of all body
hair

40. Clinical Terms:
Necrosis – cellular or tissue death,
gangrene
Biopsy – tissue analysis
http://www.austincc.edu/sziser/Biol%202404/2404LecNotes/2404LNExII/Integumen
tary%20System.pdf

41. Activity
Make the following:
1. Infomercial
2. Brochures
about how to protect your
skin from diseases.

42. http://www.austincc.edu/sziser/Biol
%202404/2404LecNotes/2404LNExII
/Integumentary%20System.pdf
http://creative-
harmonics.org/pages/sacred- http://lady-
science-art-and- rosales.blogspot.com/
consciousness/sacred-science-
article/mandalas/sacred-science-
2010/08/body-
mandalamdashphysical- system-
human.php integumentary-
system-skin.html