french revolution

1. MADE BY – ARKYA JYOTI BAGCHI
OF CLASS IX-B

2.  Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was King
of France and Navarre from 1775 until 1791, after which he
was subsequently King of the French from 1791 to 1792,
before his deposition and execution during the French
Revolution. His father, Louis, Dauphin of France, was the son
andheir apparent of Louis XV of France. Due to the Dauphin's
death in 1765, Louis succeeded his grandfather in 1774.
 The first part of Louis' reign was marked by attempts to
reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideals.
These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove
the taille,and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics.
The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with
hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation;
increased discontent among the common people ensued.
From 1776 Louis XVI actively supported the North American
colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great
Britain, which was realized in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.

3.  The french revolution led to the end of
monarchy in France. A society based on
privileges gave way to a new system of
governance .
 The declaration of the rights of man during
the revolution , announced the coming of a
new time. The idea that all individuals had
rights & could claim equality became part of a
new language of politics.
 These nations of equality & freedom emerged
as the central ideas of anew age.
 by arkya bagchi

4.  French Society during the Late Eighteenth Century
 1774: Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings
ascended the throne of France.
 Under Louis XVI, France helped America in
gaining their independence from Britain.
 France was experiencing financial instability due
to the long years of wars fought by her
 and the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at
the palace of Versailles.
 Taxes were increased for meeting the expenses of
maintaining an army, the court and
 running government offices or universities.

5.  The French Society was divided into three estates–
 First Estate: Clergy
 Second Estate: Nobility
 Third Estate: Big businessmen, merchants, court
officials, lawyers, peasants, landless labourers and
servants.
 The first two estates enjoyed certain privileges by birth
which also excluded them from paying any taxes to the French
government.
 The members of the third estate had to pay taxes to the State
that included a direct tax and a number of indirect taxes levied
on the articles of daily consumption.
 Peasants served in the fields and houses of the privileged
classes and they also built the roads and served in the army.
 The Church collected taxes known as tithes from the
peasants.
 The price of the food grains increased with an increase in the
demand for the same.
 Fixed-waged workers could not afford the expensive food
grains. Hence, the gap between the poor and the rich widened.
 by arkya bagchi

6.  18th century: France witnessed the emergence of social
groups and middle class, who earned through an
expanding overseas trade and from the manufacture of
goods such as woolen and silk textiles.
 Philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques
Rousseau envisaged a society based on freedom and
equal laws and opportunities for all. Locke refuted the
doctrine of the divine and absolute rights of the monarch.
 Rousseau proposed a form of government based on a
social contract between people and their representatives.
 Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the
government between the legislature, the executive and
the judiciary. By arkya bagchi

7.  The Estates General was a political body which had
the representatives of all three estates.
 5th May, 1789: Louis XVI called an assembly of the
Estates General for passing proposals for new taxes.
 The first and the second estates sent 300
representatives each and the third estate had 600
members.
 The members of the third estate demanded that the
voting must be conducted by the assembly as a whole,
where each member would have one vote.
 20th June, 1789: The third estate declared them as the
National Assembly and swore to draft a constitution
for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.
 Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes led the third estate.
 by arkya bagchi

8.  14th July, 1789: The fortress prison of Bastille was destroyed
by the crowd, protesting against the increasing prices of
essential commodities.
 Rumours spread saying that the manor had hired bands of
brigands who would destroy their ripe crops.
 Peasants in several districts attacked chateaux with hoes
and pitchforks.
 Louie XVI finally recognized the National Assembly and
agreed that the constitution will check his powers thereafter.
 4th August, 1789: The National Assembly abolished the
feudal system, feudal privileges and taxes. Members of the
clergy were also forced to give up their privileges,
 tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were
confiscated. tithes were abolished and lands owned by the
Church were confiscated.
 by arkya bagchi

10. Broken chain Freedom
Bundle of rods or fasces Strength in unity
Eye with a triangle radiating light Knowledge
Sceptre Royal power
Snake biting its tail to form a ring Eternity
Red Phrygian cap Freedom
Blue, white, red National colours of France
Winged woman law
Law tablet Equality before law

11.  The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the Citizen is a fundamental document of the
French Revolution and in the history of human
rights, defining the individual and collective
rights of all the estates of the realm as
universal. Influenced by the doctrine of
"natural right", the rights of man are held to
be universal: valid at all times and in every
place, pertaining to human nature itself.

12.  The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen was adopted on 26 August
1789,[1] by the National Constituent Assembly ,
during the period of the French Revolution, as the
first step toward writing a constitution for France.
Inspired by the Enlightenment, the original version
of the Declaration was discussed by the
representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft
proposed by the sixth bureau,[2][3] led by Jérôme
Champion de Cicé. The draft was later modified
during the debates. A second and lengthier
declaration, known as the Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen of 1793 was later adopted.

13.  Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social
distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
 The aim of all political association is the preservation of
the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These
rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression.
 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the
nation. No body nor individual may exercise any
authority which does not proceed directly from the
nation.
 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which
injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural
rights of each man has no limits except those which
assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment
of the same rights. These limits can only be determined
by law.

14.  Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society.
Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law,
and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by
law.
 Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a
right to participate personally, or through his representative,
in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it
protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of
the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public
positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and
without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.
 No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in
the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any
one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be
executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any
citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit
without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.

15.  The law shall provide for such punishments only as are
strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer
punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law
passed and promulgated before the commission of the
offense.
 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been
declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all
harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person
shall be severely repressed by law.
 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions,
including his religious views, provided their manifestation
does not disturb the public order established by law.
 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the
most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may,
accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall
be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be
defined by law.

16.  Jean-Paul Marat ; 24 May 1743 – 13 July 1793), born in
the Principality of Neuchâtel, was a physician, political
theorist and scientist best known for his career in France
as a radical journalist and politician during the French
Revolution. His journalism was renowned for its fiery
character and uncompromising stance toward "enemies
of the revolution" and basic reforms for the poorest
members of society.
 Marat was one of the most extreme voices of the French
Revolution and he became a vigorous defender of
the sans-culottes; he broadcasted his views through
impassioned public speaking, essay writing and
newspaper journalism, which carried his message
throughout France.

17.  1791: Constitution drafted.
 The Constitution vested the power of making laws in
the National Assembly.
 The members of the National Assembly were
indirectly elected; the citizens voted for a group of
electors, who in turn chose the Assembly.Only men
above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3
days of a labourer’s wage were given the status of active
citizens and were allowed to vote.
 The Constitution also began with a Declaration of the
Rights of Man and Citizens.
 Rights such as the right to live, freedom of speech,
freedom of opinion, equality before law, were
established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights

18.  1792: The National Assembly voted for declaration of
war against Prussia and Austria.
 Revolutionary wars brought losses and economic
difficulties to the people.
 Large sections of people continued with the revolution
and formed numerous political clubs such as the
Jacobins.
 The Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less
prosperous sections of the society.
 Maximilian Robespierre was the leader of the Jacobin
club.
 Jacobins wore long striped trousers as opposed to the
nobles who wore knee breeches. They also wore a red
cap to symbolize liberty.

19.  10th August, 1792: The Jacobins entered the Palace of the
Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards and held the king
as hostage for several hours.
 The Assembly voted for imprisonment of the royal
family.
 Elections were held and all men of 21 years and above,
regardless of wealth got the right to vote.
 The newly elected assembly was called the
Convention.
 21ST September, 1792: The Convention abolished the
monarchy and declared France a republic.
 21st January, 1793: Louis XVI was executed publicly at
the Place de la Concorde.
 Queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly
after.

20.  1793-1794: Known as the Reign of Terror.
 Jacobins under Robespierre practiced a policy of
severe control and repression.
 Those suspected as the ‘enemies’ of the republic
were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a
revolutionary tribunal. These included ex-nobles,
clergymen, members of other political parties and
those who criticized the Jacobin’s rule.
 They were guillotined if the court found them
guilty.
 Robespierre’s government imposed a maximum
ceiling on wages and prices.
 Meat and bread were rationed.

21.  Peasants were forced to sell their grain at the prices
fixed by the government.
 All citizens were required to eat the pain
d’egalite (equality bread) and discard the use of
expensive white flour.
 All French men and women were henceforth
called Citoyen and Citoyenne not anymore,
Monsieur and Madame.
 Churches were shut down and their buildings
converted into barracks or offices.
 July, 1794: Robespierre was arrested and
guillotined the next day.

22.  Maximilien de Robespierre was a French lawyer,
politician, and one of the best-known and most
influential figures of the French Revolution.
 As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent
Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he advocated
against the death penalty and for the abolition of
slavery, while supporting equality of
rights, universal suffrage and the establishment of a
republic. He opposed war with Austria and the
possibility of a coup by the Marquis de Lafayette. As
a member of the Committee of Public Safety, he was
an important figure during the period of the
Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror,
which ended a few months after his arrest and
execution in July 1794.

23.  The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the
wealthier middle classes to seize power.
 A new constitution was introduced.
 Voting right to the non-propertied sections of the
society was denied.
 The new constitution provided for two elected
legislative councils.
 These councils appointed an executive consisting
of five members, called the Directory.
 The Directory was formed for avoiding the
concentration of power.
 Differences arose between the Directory and the
legislative councils which paved the way for the rise
of a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.

24.  Jean-Jacques Rousseau writer, and composer of 18th-
centuryRomanticism of French expression. His political
philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as
the overall development of modern political,
sociological, and educational thought.
 Rousseau's novel Émile: or, On Education is a treatise on
the education of the whole person for citizenship.
His sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise was of
importance to the development of pre-
romanticism[1] and romanticism in fiction.[2] Rousseau's
autobiographical writings—his Confessions, which
initiated the modern autobiography, and his Reveries of a
Solitary Walker—exemplified the late 18th-century
movement known as the Age of Sensibility, and featured
an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that
later characterized modern writing. His Discourse on the
Origin of Inequality and his On the Social Contract are
cornerstones in modern political and social thought.

25.  Montesquieu was a French social commentator and political
thinker who lived during the Age of Enlightenment. He is famous
for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is
taken for granted in modern discussions of government and
implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He may
have been partly responsible for the popularization of the
terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire.
 Montesquieu was also highly regarded in the British colonies
in North America as a champion of British liberty (though not of
American independence). Political scientist Donald Lutz found that
Montesquieu was the most frequently quoted authority on
government and politics in colonial pre-revolutionary British
America, cited more by the American founders than any source
except for the Bible.[1] Following the American revolution,
Montesquieu's work remained a powerful influence on many of
the American founders, most notably James Madison of Virginia,
the "Father of theConstitution". Montesquieu's philosophy that
"government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of
another[2]" reminded Madison and others that a free and stable
foundation for their new national government required a clearly
defined and balanced separation of powers.

26.  Women had to work for a living and also had to take care
of their families.
 Women were paid lower wages as compared to men.
 Women started their own political clubs and
newspapers such as ‘The Society of Revolutionary and
Republican Women’.
 They demanded for equal political rights.
 The revolutionary government introduced state
schools. Schooling was made compulsory for all girls,
marriage could not be forced upon and divorce was
made legal.During the Reign of Terror, laws were
issued for closing women’s clubs and banningtheir
political activities.
 1946: Women in France won the right to vote.

27.  Olympe de Gouges born Marie Gouze, was a French
playwright and political
activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached
a large audience.
 She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s.
As political tension rose in France, de Gouges became
increasingly politically involved. She became an
outspoken advocate for improving the condition of
slaves in the colonies as of 1788. At the same time, she
began writing political pamphlets. Today she is perhaps
best known as an early feminist who demanded that
French women be given the same rights as French men.
In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female
Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male
authority and the notion of male–female inequality. She
was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror for
attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government
and for her close relation with the Girondists.

28.  A triangular slave trade took place between Europe,
Africa and America.
 Slaves were bought from the local chieftains of
Africa and were sold to the plantation owners in the
Caribbean.
 1794: The Convention legislated to free all slaves in
the French overseas possessions.
 However, Napoleon reintroduced slave trade after
some years.
 1848: Slavery was abolished in the French colonies.

29.  Nationalism was an important factor in the development
of Europe. In the 19th century, a wave of romantic
nationalism swept the continent of Europe transforming the
countries of the continent. Some new countries, such as
Germany and Italy were formed by uniting smaller states
with a common "national identity". Others, such as Romania,
Greece, Poland and Bulgaria, were formed by winning their
independence.
 The French Revolution paved the way for the modern nation-
state and also had a big part in the birth of nationalism.
Across Europe radical intellectuals questioned the
old monarchial order and encouraged the development of a
popular nationalism committed to re-drawing
the political map of the continent. By 1814 the days of multi-
national empires were numbered. TheFrench Revolution, by
destroying the traditional structures of power in France and
territories conquered by Napoleon, was the instrument for
the political transformation of Europe.

30.  Revolutionary armies carried the slogan of "liberty, equality
and brotherhood" and ideas of liberalism and national self-
determinism. National awakening also grew out of
an intellectual reaction to the Enlightenment that
emphasized national identity and developed a romantic
view of cultural self-expression through nationhood. The key
exponent of the modern idea of the nation-state was the
German G. W. Friedrich Hegel. He argued that a sense of
nationality was the cement that held
modern societies together in the age
when dynastic and religious allegiance was in decline. In
1815, at the end of the Napoleonic wars, the major powers of
Europe tried to restore the old dynastic system as far as
possible, ignoring the principle of nationality in favour of
"legitimism", the assertion of traditional claims to royal
authority. With most of Europe's peoples still loyal to their
local province or city, nationalism was confined to small
groups of intellectuals and political radicals.
Furthermore, political repression, symbolized by the Carlsbad
Decrees published in Austria in 1819, pushed
nationalist agitation underground.

31. Censorship was abolished in france. Books, newspapers
and plays could now be read and performed without
the approval of the censors of the king.
The Declaration of Rights of Man and proclaimed
freedom of speech and Citizens expression to be a
natural right .
Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures
flooded both French towns and countryside.

32.  was a French military and political leader who
rose to prominence during the latter stages of
the French Revolution and its associated wars in
Europe.
 As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the
French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform,
the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence
on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he
is best remembered for his role in the wars led
against France by a series of coalitions, the so-
called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony
over most of continental Europe and sought to
spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while
consolidating an imperial monarchy which
restored aspects of the deposed Ancient
Régime. Due to his success in these wars, often
against numerically superior enemies, he is
generally regarded as one of the greatest military
commanders of all time, and his campaigns are
studied at military academies worldwide.

33.  1804: Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself
Emperor of France.
 Napoleon saw himself as a moderniser of Europe.
He introduced laws such as the protection of
property and a uniform system of weights and
measures provided by the decimal system.
 Napoleonic army was initially viewed to be a
liberating force but soon it was seen as an invading
force.
 1815: Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of
Waterloo.
 The French ideas of liberty and democratic rights
spread to the rest of Europe and inspired many
individuals and societies.