EAT446 Environment & Society

EAT 446
ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
Degree In Environmental Engineering
Prepared By:
Ir. Muhammad Arkam Bin Che Munaaim, PEng, IntPE
MSc. B Tech (Energy) (USM), B. Elec. Eng. (Hons) (UTM), Dip. Elec. Eng (Power) (UTM).
MIEM, MIET, MIEEE, ASEAN Eng, APEC Eng, EMF IntPE, Chartered Eng (ASEAN), SPAN QP.

School of Environmental Engineering
University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Tel: 04 979 8988 Email: arkam@unimap.edu.my

References:

Living In The Environment, G Tyler, Scott E Spoolman, 2009
Environmental Science, Fundamental and Applications, Devere Burton, 2008.

EAT 446 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Degree In Environmental Engineering UniMAP

Al Quran, Ar Ruum, 30:

“Corruption doth appear
on land and sea because
of which men’s hand have
done, that He may make
then taste a part of that
which they have done, in
order that they may
return” (41)


ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Definition
Environment?
Everything Around US..!

Includes all of living and nonliving things which we
interact. Includes complex web of relationship that
connect us with one another and with the world we
live in.



Environmental Problems?
We run more and more earth’s natural resources for
economy caused:

Shrinking forest, expanding deserts, eroding soils,
deteriorating the agricultural lands, lower atmosphere is
warming, melting glaciers, increasing sea levels, more
destructive storms, failing water tables, disappearing of sea
corals, drying rivers, fisheries are collapsing, extinction of
many species.



Environmental Problems: Cause?
Major causes are:

Population growth
Wasteful and unsustainable resource use
Poverty
Exclusion of environmental cost of resource use
Attempts to manage nature with insufficient knowledge



GROWTH
POPULATION



RESOURCES
UNSUSTAINABLE



POVERTY



COST
ENVIROMENTAL
EXCLUDE



KNOWLEDGE
INSUFFICIENT



Sustainability:
Our lives and economies depend on energy from the sun
(sun capita) and on natural resources (natural capita)
provided by the earth.

Living sustainably means living off the earth’s natural
income without depleting or degrading the natural capital
that supplies it.


Four Scientific Principles Of Sustainability


Ecology-Definition

Ecology
Is the study of how organisms interact with one another
and their physical environment of matter and energy.

Ecosystem
A community of different species interacting with one
another and with their nonliving environment of matter
and energy.


What Keeps Us Alive?
Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun
through the biosphere, the recycling of nutrients within
the biosphere, and gravity.


ECOSYSTEMS

Major Components:
Living (Biotic)-Plants, animals, microbes.
Non Living (Abiotic)- Water, air, nutrients, rock, heat, solar
energy.

Some organisms produce the nutrients they need, others
get their nutrients by consuming their organisms, and
some recycle nutrients back to producers by
decomposing the wastes and remains of organisms.


ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIA


Living in Comfort


Living In Comfort


What Can We Do?
We Depend Heavily on Oil
Oil-The lifeblood of today’s economics may be unaffordable
sometime during this century.

Geologist project that known and projected global reserves of
conventional oil will be 80% depleted between sometime 2050 and
2100, depending on consumption rate. Natural gas: 60 yrs, Coal:
200yrs (World Energy Council, 2004)

The challenge for this century is to sharply reduce the waste of oil
and other resources and to find array of substitutes for oil and
other fossil fuels.


What Can We Do?
We Depend Heavily on Oil-Petroleum Products
Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil
(petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries

Largest: Energy carriers: various grades of fuel oil and gasoline, Jet
fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil. Heavier : Asphalt, tar, parrafin wax,
lubricating and other heavy oils.

Chemicals: Plastics, sulphur, Hydrogen and carbon.


What Can We Do?
Conventional Oil
Advantages Disadvantages
Ample supply for 42-93 years Need to find substitute
Low cost within 50 years
High net energy yield Large government subsidies
Easily transport within and Environmental cost not
between countries included in market price
Low land use Artificially low price
Technology is well developed encourage wastages
Efficient distribution system Can cause pollution


What Can We Do?
Energy Resources

Non Renewable Renewable
Fossil fuel Direct Sun
Nuclear Wind
Coal Biomass
Natural gas Flowing water


What Can We Do?
We Can Save Money and Energy in Industry
By introducing co-generation system or combined heat and power
(CHP) system. Especially for manufacturing that involve heating
process where the heat generated is feed back to re-generate
electrical for independent use.

Equipments that being used in the system can be replaced by ‘low
loss energy efficient equipment such as motors, lightings and air
conditioner.

Recycling waste materials from manufacturing also can be a
intelligent steps for money saving activities.


What Can We Do?


What Can We Do?
We Can Save Money and Energy in Transportation
Use high efficient engine that perform well with minimal petrol
used.
Use hybrid car
Use electric car (Plug in hybrid electric vehicle)
Energy efficient diesel car, biodiesel can be an alternative fuel.
Next Generation: Fuel Cell (Hydrogen to produce electricity) 2012.


What Can We Do?
We Can Save Money and Energy in Transportation
Transportation accounts for 2/3 of US oil consumption, major
source of air pollution and CO2 emission.
Efficient car is considered to be run at least 15 kpl (CAFÉ, Standard
2008), CAFÉ: Corporate Average Fuel Economy, US.

In US:

Hummer H2 runs at 5kpl tax US10k, car price US55k.
Toyota Prius Hybrid at 20kpl rebate US10k, car price US22k.


What Can We Do?
We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and
Money
Designing energy efficient building
Green architecture, based on energy efficient approach
Building certification, Green Building Index, LEEDS, BREEAM, etc.
Natural lights, natural ventilation, orientation, materials selection.

Research:
60% of electrical energy goes to Air Conditioning
15% of electrical energy goes to Lighting (During Daytime)
(Energy Commission, 2002 office building of 1000sm)


What Can We Do?
Malaysia’s Typical Climate:
Small variation in monthly temperatures (less than 8°C)
Hottest month (36°C), Coolest (25.9°C)
Relative Humidity (55-70%)
Wind speed are quite low mean value 1.2m/s
Rainfall exceeds 200mm/month for 8 month of the year

(A Zain Ahmed, 2008)


What Can We Do?
Strategies To Keep Indoor Condition Cool
Dehumidification
Cooling
Natural Ventilation
Shading

Strategies to reduce thermal stress caused by hot & humid climate.

In ASEAN, building consumes 1/3 of all electricity produced.
Alarming because Malaysia is among fastest developing countries in
the world.

(A Zain Ahmed, 2008)


What Can We Do?
1-Encourage design of new and existing
building: Constructed, operated and
maintained in a manner that reduces the
use of energy.
2-Provide minimum criteria and standard
for energy efficiency
3-Provide guidance for EE that
demonstrate good professional judgment
and minimum exceed minimum criteria
4-Encourage the application of RE in new
and existing building and minimize non-
renewable energy sources.


What Can We Do?
Objective Statement:

“To encourage the application of
renewable energy in new and existing
buildings to minimize non renewable
energy sources, pollution and energy
consumption whist maintaining comfort,
health and safety of the occupants”


What Can We Do?
Sustainable Design Approach:

A combined architectural, engineering, site planning and
landscaping (multidisciplinary) approach to design and energy
conscious building should optimize the energy efficiency of a
building especially in employing combined passive and active
devices.


What Can We Do?
National Energy Policy Objectives:

Three principal energy objectives are instrumental in guiding the
future energy sector development. They are:-

(1/3) The Supply Objective:
To ensure the provision of adequate, secure, and cost-effective
energy supplies through developing indigenous energy resources
both non-renewable and renewable energy resources using the least
cost options and diversification of supply sources both from within
and outside the country;


What Can We Do?
National Energy Policy Objectives:
(2/3) The Utilization Objective:
To promote the efficient utilization of energy and to discourage
wasteful and non-productive patterns of energy consumption; and

(3/3) The Environmental Objective:
To minimize the negative impacts of energy production,
transportation, conversion, utilization and consumption on the
environment.

LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design, is an internationally-recognized green
building certification system. Developed by the U.S.
Green Building Council (USGBC) in March 2000, LEED
provides building owners and operators with a
framework for identifying and implementing practical
and measurable green building design, construction,
operations and maintenance solutions.

• LEED promotes sustainable building and development
practices through a suite of rating systems that recognize
projects that implement strategies for better environmental
and health performance.
• LEED is flexible enough to apply to all building types –
commercial as well as residential. It works throughout the
building lifecycle – design and construction, operations and
maintenance, tenant fitout, and significant retrofit. And LEED
for Neighborhood Development extends the benefits of LEED
beyond the building footprint into the neighborhood it serves.
• LEED also makes business sense, benefiting commercial
building owners as well as tenants.

The UK’s First BREEAM Outstanding Office
Tower Rises in London


What Can We Do?
Passive Design Factors Affecting Energy Use In Buildings

The building layout, planning, design, shape, fabric and construction
cover a wide number of variables that affect building energy
requirements.

1) Size and Shape
2) Building Orientation
3) Planning & Layout
4) Thermo Physical Properties
5) Window System
6) Construction Details


What Can We Do?

MS 1525:2007: 4.2 Passive design strategy

The design and construction of a building which takes optimal
advantage of its environment need not impose any significant extra
cost as compared to a more highly serviced building. All buildings
have a primary function to provide an internal environment suitable
for the purpose of the building. The architectural consideration in
designing a building is influenced by its responsiveness to the
immediate environment. The important factors that should be
considered include the following:


What Can We Do?
MS 1525:2007: 4.2 Passive design strategy:

a) Building orientation;
b) Building configuration (geometry and layout);
c) Effective room depth;
d) Floor to ceiling height;
e) Location of cores;
f) Building façade;
g) Internal layout;
h) Fenestrations;
i) Building materials;
j) Roof design and colour; and
k) Landscaping and shading.


What Can We Do?

DAYLIGHTING


What Can We Do?
How to daylight:
Daylighting is a systems approach.
The Considerations:

Orientation and footprint , Climate, region and general availability of natural light ,
How Buildings Use Energy, Urban vs. suburban , Floor to floor/floor to ceiling
heights , Window to wall ratios , Placement of glazing , Toplighting, sidelighting or
both , Glazing performance (visible light transmittance, etc.) , Exterior shading and
solar control , Interior shading and solar control , Integration with electric lighting
systems (lighting power densities, controls and electric lighting design) , Reduced
cooling loads (note: discuss cool daylighting) , Interior design (color, reflectance,
furniture selection) , Floor plan (how far will daylight penetrate?)


What Can We Do?
The Basics: Toplighting and Sidelighting

Toplighting brings daylight into the building from above through
clerestories, skylights, tubular skylights, sawtooth designs, etc.
Daylight that enters the building above 10 feet, even if it's through a
vertical opening, is referred to as toplighting.

Sidelighting brings daylight into the building from the side through
windows, curtainwalls, etc.


What Can We Do?
How to daylight:
General Daylighting Principles:
1) Avoid direct sunlight on critical task and excessive brightness.
2) Bring the daylight at high location
3) Filter the daylight
4) Bounce daylight off of surrounding surfaces
5) Integrated daylight with other building systems and strategies


What Can We Do?
How to daylight:
Light Distribution Strategies:
1) Use sloped or curved ceiling planes
2) Optimize overhangs based on window height and latitude
3) Incorporate light shelves with windows where appropriate
4) Employ baffles, louvers and reflectors as appropriate.
5) Integrate daylighting with luminious ceiling systems


What Can We Do?
Daylight: Do and Don’t:
Don't do daylighting without controls to manage the electric
lighting levels.
Do understand basic lighting design elements before starts.
Do understand that daylighting is a systems approach.
Don't underestimate yourself or your team.
Do get some basic software and training to help give you basic
daylighting design rules and strategies.
Don't believe there is only one way to daylight a building.


What Can We Do?

Air Conditioning: Efficiency Strategies

A Survey Of Energy Efficient Strategies For
Effective Air Conditioning (2003)


What Can We Do?
Conserve air conditioning energy is to properly maintain the
buildings such that the cooled air is not vented into the atmosphere.
Develop, frequently update and enforce daily, weekly and monthly
occupation schedules for each air conditioned space so that cooling
is provided only when it is required
Awareness campaign: People need to be educated about and made
conscious of saving A/C related to energy.

(Omar M Al-Rabghi, 2003)


What Can We Do?
Maintain The Air Conditioning As Recommended:

1. Follow manufacturer recommendations for maintenance, part
replacement and operation.

2. Periodically visually inspect the system for leakage, noise, vibration
and follow up normal operation and take corrective measures.


What Can We Do?
3. Monitor the outputs from available measuring devices, compare
them with manufacturers’ recommendations and take necessary
corrective action.

5. Periodically replace filters, both fresh air filters and fan coil filters.

6. Draw up occupancy schedules and update these frequently. Run
the A/C equipment in accordance with occupancy schedules in order
to satisfy the occupants while at the same time saving energy.


What Can We Do?

Use The Correct Air Conditioning
Type For Correct Purposes...!

Then use it Correctly…!


What Can We Do?
We Can Save Energy and Money in Existing
Buildings
Retrofit to save energy
Insulate and plug leaks
Use energy efficient window
Stop other heating or cooling loses
Heat house more efficiently
Heat water more efficiently
Use energy efficient appliances for lighting, etc.


What Can We Do?
We Can Use Renewable Energy and Plant
Nonrenewable Energy
Sun, moving water, wind, biomass


What Can We Do?

We Can Cool Buildings Naturally

We can Use Sunlight to Produce Heat

We Can Heat Water With Solar Energy

We Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity

We Can Convert Plant and Plant Waste to Liquid
Biofuels.


Conclusion
Knowledge and education is important in preserving our
environment. Young generation should be educated with this
understanding in order to have environmental-awareness
community.

Awareness and encouragement from government and authorities
is utmost and the only way to materialized this mission towards
sustainable earth.

Thank you.

EAT446 Environment & Society

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