The document summarizes the history of Pakistan-US relations from 1947 to the present. It discusses the various defense agreements signed between the two countries during the Cold War era and periods of cooperation as well as tensions, particularly related to Pakistan's nuclear program. Key events covered include Pakistan's involvement in US intelligence operations during the Cold War, the impact of regional conflicts like the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars, imposition of sanctions under presidents Carter and Reagan, and Pakistan's role in the Soviet-Afghan war.

2. PAK-US Relationship

3. GROUP MEMBERS:
1.
• ABDUL
SAMAD
2.
• HIRA
QAYYUM
3.
• ARREG
FATIMA
4.
• ABDULLAH
BUTT
5.
• KHURRAM
NADEEM

4. CONTENTS:
HISTORY
1947-1971
ZULFIQAR BHUTTO’S ERA
GENERAL ZIA’S ERA
UNSTABLE DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT
MUSHARRAF’S ERA AND 9/11

5. The Foreign Policy of Pakistan aims to:
Develop friendly relations.
Safeguard vital security.
Resolve core issues.
Portray a strong image.
Augment economic and commercial interests
Protect interests of Pakistan abroad.

6. HISTORY
US established diplomatic relations with
Pakistan on October 20, 1947.
Relationship based on economic and military assistance.
Pakistan’s relation with the US improved in early 1950’s
when Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan visited America and
stresses upon the following:
• Democracy.
• Fundamental Human Rights.
• Equality of Opportunity.
• Equal Citizenship irrespective of Religion.
In 1954, Pakistan signed a Mutual Defense Agreement with
US and subsequently became members of SEATO and
CENTO.
 These treaties put Pakistan under influence and thus
Pakistan was used against Soviet territory.

7. Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement
The first defense agreement in May 1954
under which the US undertook to
provide defense equipment to Pakistan “exclusively
to maintain its internal security, its legitimate self-defense
or to permit it to participate in defense of the area”.
 Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra lauded the
PAK-US agreement.
 At the same time the US military aid began to flow into
Pakistan on the recommendation of General Ayub Khan.
Military aid to Pakistan between 1953 and 1961 totals $508
millions.

8. “SEATO”
South East Asian Treaty Organization
September’8, 1954
 Members: Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan,
Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States.
 Purpose:
• Establish a collective security arrangement for South-East
Asia.
• Enhance trade relationship between its members.
 Reason for its failure:
• Lack of ability to resolve issues.
• Ultimate inability of other Seato Nations to act militarily.

9. “CENTO”
Central Treaty Organization
1955
Members: Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, United
Kingdom.
Purpose:
• U.S pressure and promises of military and economic aid
were key in the negotiations to the agreement.
• Counter the threat of Soviet expansion in Middle East oil
producing countries.
Reasons for failure:
• Did not intervene in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
• Was unable to prevent Soviet expansion in member states
(Egypt, Syria, Iran etc)

10. “Ayub’s Era (1952-1969)”
Significance of SEATO and CENTO
• Military aid increased to 500
million dollar by 1957.
• Further strengthening of US-PAK relationship.
• Became United States “Most-Allied Ally” in Asia.
U-2 Crises of 1960:
• July, 1957- US requested permission from Pakistan for the
establishment of a secret US Intelligence facility in Pakistan.
• Location: Badaber, 10 miles from Peshawar.
• April 9, 1960- U-2 spy plan of the special CIA unit crossed
the national boundary of the Soviet Union and flew over four
Soviet top secret military objects but was detected by the
Soviet Air Defense Forces.

11. • Pakistan became a “wholehearted ally”
which undertook ‘real -
responsibilities and risk’ by providing facilities
‘highly important to US national security.
• Compromise on Pakistan’s security and worsened
relations with the Soviet Union.
• Soviet Union threatened the
nuclear annihilation of Pakis-
tani cities.
Indus Water Treaty in 1960 and -
half a billion in US funds.

12. Sino-Indian War
In 1962, Sino-Indian War was fought US
gave aid to India without consulting
Pakistan. In the same year General Ayyub Khan
visited China which
affected PAK-US
relations.
Pakistan growing friend-
ship with communist
China after the 1962
Sino-Indian war.

13. Half Decade Story
In 1965 Indo-Pakistan War Happened in
which both United States and
United Kingdom supplied arms to Pakistan.
United States increased the amount of aid to Pakistan
half a billion of which were lost in war.
Army Chief Gen. Yahya Khan
took over power from Presi-
dent Ayyub Khan in 1969.
Elections held in 1970 that
lead to a limited civil war.

14. Indo- Pak War 1971
India launched a War on December, 1971.
After fortnight of fighting the Pakistan
Forces in East Pakistan accepted default. India
wants to conquer West Pakistan.
The war is not going very well for Pakistan. On December
10, 1971, 10:51 am. US President Richard Nixon on the
phone with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
Nixon: Our desire is to save West Pakistan . That's all.
Kissinger: That's right. That is exactly right.

15. Era of 1972-1977
Pakistan withdraw from ‘SEATO’ in 1972.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became president
of Pakistan in 1974. He was a close friend of President
Nixon which went in Pakistan favor.
In 1976 Pakistan ran in trouble with the US over the
issue of acquisition of a nuclear processing plant and
President Jimmy Carter imposed sanctions on Pakistan.
Symington Amendment
Section 101 of the Arms Export Control Act
• Imposed in 1979 for Pakistan’s clandestine
construction of a uranium enrichment plant.

16. General Zia’s Era
In the early days of Zia regime the relation-
ship between US and Pakistan.
General Zia admitted this thing in an interview that in
the administration of President Carter the relations
reached at the lowest point.
The main cause is the controversy on the nuclear issues.
Than for Pakistan US changed it’s strategies and provide
assistance in militarily and economically.
The most determining factor in Pakistan and US
relationship during this period was ‘the geographical
importance of Pakistan in the region.

17. In 1976 Pakistan and France reached an
agreement in which France provides
a nuclear processing plant.
But what America do?
He put pressure on France to conceal the agreement
and because of this pressure France refuse to give
nuclear processing plant.
General Zia said, the only poor country that President
Carter get hold of , for achieving his aims was Pakistan and
president Gisward; somehow or other I think he come under
pressure from Us & refused to give us plant.

18. “Year of 1979”
This is the main issue which destroyed the relationship
between US and Pakistan after this Pakistan’s government
issued a strongly angry statement against US policy.
President Jimmy cut off aid to Pakistan in 1979 after the
General ( Zia) refused to allow International Inspection
of his Country’s nuclear installation.
There are some other reasons which gave bad impact to
US towards Pakistan and is the mistaken belief that the
US was involved in the attack of Makkah ( The Holiest
place for Muslims in the World).

19. Grand Mosque Seizure
The Grand Mosque Seizure on November
20, 1979, was an armed attack and
takeover by armed Islamist dissidents of the Al-Masjid -
al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in
Islam.
The insurgents declared that the Mahdi, or redeemer of
Islam, had arrived in the form of one of the insurgents'
leaders, Abdullah Hamid Mohammed Al-Qahtani and
called on Muslims to obey him.
The seizure shocked the Islamic world as hundreds of
pilgrims present for the annual hajj were taken hostage.

20. The insurgents broadcast their demands from
the mosque loudspeakers, calling
for the cutoff of oil exports to the United States and
expulsion of all foreign civilian and military experts from
the Arabian peninsula.
The battle had lasted more than two weeks, and had
officially left "255 pilgrims, troops and fanatics" killed
"another 560 injured, military
causalities were 127 dead
and 451 injured.

21. Soviet Afghan War
The Soviet Afghan War lasted over ten years
from December, 1979- February
1989.
 The insurgent group fought against Soviet Army
and Allied Afghan Forces,
between 8,50,000 to
20,00,000 civilians were
killed and millions of
Afghans fled the country as
refugees mostly to Pakistan
and Iran.

22. Relations once again soured after the
collapse of Soviet Union when the
united states sanctions against Pakistan for its nuclear
weapon program.
Pressler Amendment
Section 620E(e) of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961
Adopted in 1985, bars most forms of U.S. military
assistance to Islamabad unless the president certifies
annually that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive
device.