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Heredity
How Life
continues
Heredity
Heredity
Heredity
Heredity
Chapter 11
             Chapter 10
Heredity
“...tendency for traits
to be passed from
parent to offspring.”
Traits
“...alternative forms of
a character,
or heritable feature.”
TABLE 10.1   SEVEN CHARACTERS MENDEL STUDIED IN HIS EXPERIMENTS

                                Character                                  F2 Generation
               Dominant Form       ×        Recessive Form        Dominant: Recessive Ratio


               Purple flowers      ×        White fowers               705:224       3.15:1
                                                                                     (3/4:1/4)




               Yellow seeds        ×        Green seeds               6,022:2,001    3.01:1
                                                                                     (3/4:1/4)


               Round seeds         ×        Wrinkled seeds            5,474:1,850    2.96:1
                                                                                     (3/4:1/4)


               Green pods          ×        Yellow pods                428:152       2.82:1
                                                                                     (3/4:1/4)




               Inflated pods       ×        Constricted pods           882:299       2.95:1
                                                                                     (3/4:1/4)




               Axial flowers       ×        Terminal flowers           651:207       3.14:1
                                                                                     (3/4:1/4)




               Tall plants         ×        Dwarf plants               787:277       2.84:1
                                                                                     (3/4:1/4)
Heredity
Heredity
Heredity
Can we figure out
if a purple-flowering plant
is Pp or PP?
Testcross
Heredity
Mendel’s
Theory of Heredity
Parents do not transmit
traits directly; they
transmit trait information
in the form of “factors”
Each parent has two copies
of a trait factor
Alternative forms of a factor
(alleles) lead to alternative
traits
The two alleles an individual
has do not affect each other
The presence of an allele
does not guarantee that a
trait will be expressed
For a certain trait,
an individual can be...
Homozygous
have two alleles that are the same

Heterozygous
have two alleles that are different
Mendel’s
Law of Segregation
Two alleles of a trait
separate during the
formation of gametes;
half the gametes carry one
and half carry the other
Mendel’s
Law of Independent
Assortment
Inheritance of one trait
does not influence the
inheritance of another trait
Heredity
Heredity
Many traits exhibit
Mendelian inheritance
Genes
The Central Dogma
Heredity
Phenotype
Genotype
Heredity
Mendel’s
Theory of Heredity
Parents do not transmit
traits directly; they
transmit trait information
in the form of genes
Each parent has two copies
of a trait gene
Alleles, alternative forms of
a gene, lead to alternative
traits
The two alleles an individual
has do not affect each other
The presence of an allele
does not guarantee that a
trait will be expressed
Heredity
Chromosomes
Section 9.3



Section 8.3
Heredity
Fig. 10.6




                         Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.



            Locus for first                         Locus for second
            gene containing                         gene containing
            allele P or p                           allele Y or y
                                                                                                     Paternal homologue

                 P                                         Y

            Heterozygous                        Homozygous                                           Homologous
            genotype Pp                         genotype YY                                          chromosomes
                 p                                         Y
                                                                                                     Maternal homologue
Heredity
Two kinds:
Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes
Sickle-Cell
Disease
Autosomal Recessive
Huntington’s Disease
Autosomal Dominant
Mitosis
The division of cells
Co 8
Section 9.4



Section 8.4
Heredity
Heredity
Heredity
Meiosis
The formation
of gametes
Sections 9.1 - 9.4




Sections 8.1 - 8.4
Page 183
Heredity
Heredity
Many traits do not follow
Mendelian Inheritance
Sex-Linked Traits
Heredity
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson6.html
X-Linked Dominant
X-Linked Dominant
[A] mode of genetic inheritance by which
a dominant gene is carried on the X
chromosome. As an inheritance pattern, it is less
common than the X-linked recessive type. In
medicine, X-linked dominant inheritance
indicates that a gene responsible for a genetic
disorder is located on the X chromosome, and
only one copy of the allele is sufficient to cause
the disorder when inherited from a parent who
has the disorder.

                                     http://en.wikipedia.org/
                                     wiki/X-linked_dominant
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson7.html
X-Linked Recessive
X-Linked Recessive
[A] mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a
gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype
to be expressed (1) in males… and (2) in females
who are homozygous for the gene mutation...
                        X-linked inheritance
                        means that the gene
                        causing the trait or the
                        disorder is located on
                        the X chromosome.



                       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive
X-Linked Recessive
Red-Green Color Blindness
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy




            http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive_inheritance
Polygenic Inheritance
“When multiple genes
act together to influence
a character such as
height or weight...”
Continuous Variation
Heredity
Pleiotropic
“Often, an individual
allele has more than one
effect on the phenotype.”
Sickle-Cell Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Heredity
Incomplete Dominance
“...a heterozygous
phenotype that is
intermediate between
those of the parents.”
Heredity
Epistasis
“...an interaction
between the products of
two genes in which one
of the genes modifies the
phenotypic expression
produced by the other.”
Heredity
Heredity
Codominance
“...the effects of both
alleles are expressed.”
Heredity
Heredity
Environmental Effects
Heredity
Linkage
Heredity
Homologous
Recombination
Heredity
Heredity
Heredity
Mendel’s
Law of Independent
Assortment
Chromosomal
Disorders
Somatic cells are diploid
Gametes are monoploid
Heredity
Nondisjunction
“The failure of
chromosomes to
separate correctly
during meiosis I or II...”
Figure 10.24 Nondisjunction in anaphase I
          Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.




        Metaphase l




        Anaphase l
        Nondisjunction:
        homologous
        chromosomes fail
        to separate



        Metaphase ll




                                                                                                         108
                     Results in four gametes: two are n+1 and two are n–1
Aneuploidy
“...an abnormal number
of chromosomes.”
Down Syndrome




trisomy 21
Nondisjunction
of sex chromosomes
Female        XX


                      Nondisjunction



                 XX                      O

                              Eggs


                 XXX                   XO

Male                                  Female
          X    Female
               (triple X)              (Turner
                                     syndrome)
XY
       Sperm

          Y      XXY                   OY

                   Male
               (Klinefelter          Nonviable
               syndrome)


                                                 113

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Heredity