2. WHAT ARE ANTIBIOTICS?
Antibiotics are drugs used to treat
infections caused by bacteria.
What bacteria is?
Bacteria are tiny organisms that can
cause illness to humans and animals.

3. Why antibiotics are use?
*An antibiotic is given for the treatment of
an infection caused by bacteria.
*Antibiotics target microorganisms such as
bacteria, fungi and parasites.
*They are not effective against viruses.

4. TYPES OF ANTIBIOTICS:
 The commonly used antibiotic types are:
 Beta-Lactams:
1.Penicillins
2.Cephalosporins
 Aminoglycosides
 Macrolides
 Fluoroquinolones
 Tetracyclines

5. ANTIBIOTICS
MACROLIDS AMINOGLYCOSIDES
BETA-LACTAMS
PENICILLINS
TETRACYCLINS
CEPHALOSPORIN
CLASSIFICATION
OF
ANTIBIOTICS.

6. 1.BETA LACTAMS:
A.Penicillins: Penicillins is an antibiotic which
destroys the cell wall of the bacteria.
Penicillins comprises of penicillinG, penicillinV,
ampicillin, amoxicillin and nafcillin.

7. B. CEPHALOSPORIN:
SIMILAR TO PENICILLIN'S IN THEIR MODE OF ACTION. THEY
DESTROY THE CELL WALL OF BACTERIA.

8. USE: CEPHALOSPORIN'S ARE USED TO TREAT
PNEUMONIA, SOAR THROAT, TONSILLITIS,
BRONCHITIS, OTITIS, SKIN INFECTIONS, URINARY
TRACT INFECTIONS
 Cephalosporin has 4 Generations:
 1st Generation ex. cephalothin cefazolin, cephapirin,
cephradine, cephalaxin, cefadroxil.
 2nd Generation ex: cefaclor, cefamandole, ceforanide
cefuroxime.
 3rd Generation ex:cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone.
 4th Generation ex:cefclidine, cefepime, cefluprenam,
cefozopran, cefquinome.

9. 2. AMINOGLYCOSIDES: AMINOGLYCOSIDES ARE
EFFECTIVE IN INHIBITING PROTEIN PRODUCTION IN
BACTERIAL CELLS BY BINDING WITH RIBOSOMES THAT
FORMS PROTEIN.
This antibiotic includes gentamicin, streptomycin and
neomycin.

10. 3.MACROLIDES:
 Macrolides just like the other types of antibiotics it
interfere with the protein formation of bacteria by
binding with bacterial ribosomes.
 Macrolides includes:
 Azithromycin
 Clarithromycin
 Erythromycin.

11. 4.FLUOROQUINOLONES:
This is the latest class of antibiotics
comprises ciprofloxacin, enoxacin,
levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin,
gatifloxacin.These antibiotics are mostly used
to treat urinary tract infections.
MODE OF ACTION:
Quinolones inhibit bacterial growth by
blocking DNA replication.DNA is the
genetic material of the cells, and is
responsible for proper functioning of
the cell.

12. BLOCKING OF DNA REPLICATION

13. 6.TETRACYCLINES: TETRACYCLINES
ANTIBIOTICS ARE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR,
THEY BIND WITH 30S RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT.
TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS ARE: TETRACYCLIN,
DOXYCYCLINE OXYTETRACYCLINE,
MINOCYCLINE.
USE: respiratory tract infection, eye infections,
sinuses, urinary tract, skin infection. Tetracyclines also
are used to treat severe acne.

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