2. First and foremost:
Expect misunderstanding
Miscommunications can be very frustrating, but they are to
be expected. Language is necessarily inherently ambiguous
You cannot possibly spell everything out every single time
that you try to express anything to someone else. There
simply isn’t time. So we make shortcuts and in those
shortcuts, meaning gets lost.
Expect misundertstandings to occur.
3. Equally important:
Assume good intentions
Everyone assumes that their own way of communicating is
the most natural and therefore the best, so when we
recognize that someone is communicating differently, the first
instinct can often be that of frustration, to assume that when
miscommunication occurs that it is the other person’s fault,
and even worse, that it was done willfully or with intention to
hurt.
In adapting an analytical stance to language, allow for the
possibility of “what if?” “what if this person is trying just as
hard to be helpful and informative as I am?”
4. Be an ethnographer
This guide is designed to help you be an active investigator of
your own use of language and communication – to teach you to
be an ethnographer of your own ways of communicating!
Ethnography is a research method based on observing people
in their natural environment with an aim to understanding how
they make sense of their world.
As linguists, our focus is language. By studying how people
talk, and recognizing patterns where others might see chaos, we
hope to gain access to things like motivations, beliefs, values,
and identities.
5. Your toolkit:
Listen
Mirror
Ask Questions
Know how to Repair / Recover
Get at underlying assumptions
D.I.E.
7. Conversational style
Unconscious way of speaking.
But also how we listen and evaluate. How
we gather information about people:
Is this person nice, smart, trustworthy, polite,
aggressive, threatening, confident, competent
etc etc etc?
Do we like each other?
8. To what extent can style be changed?
To the extent that you can become more aware of your own style
and your expectations about style
10. Discourse slot
How you structure your contributions to an interaction.
For example, when structuring an open discussion, if you are
team leader, wait to give your contribution LAST. Allow the
space for others to give their ideas BEFORE you give your
decision.
11. Silence
Silence is as rich, and has situated meaning as any other
form of social interaction.
Be aware of the meanings that you attach to silence, and
how you interpret it. Be aware that these meanings may not
be shared.
14. “Noisy nots”
things that are not talked about, but which you might expect
would be
Negeation. Often people tell you who they are by telling you
what they are NOT. Pay attention to who/what they “other.”
15.
16. What to call this skill?
Critical Thinking: Awareness of underlying assumptions
Cross - Cultural Communication
Awareness of Conversational Style
Recognition of Meaning-Making – Processes
Ability at perspective-taking
17. An inherently transferrable skill
By increasing your awareness and understanding of how you
use language, you will become more aware of ways that
others use language and be better able to recognize and
recover from misunderstandings.
In-depth knowledge of how languge works in one context can
be brought to your own organizations and communities
(families, friends, etc.)
Notas do Editor
Although asking the right questions is one of the hallmarks of a good manager, how and when questions are asked can send unintended signals about competence and power. In a group, if only one person asks questions, he or she risks being seen as the only ignorant one. Furthermore, we judge others not only by how they speak but also by how they are spoken to. The person who asks questions may end up being lectured to and looking like a novice under a schoolmaster's tutelage.