Sociology, A brief introduction: Schaefer (5e)

2. 9 STRATIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND WORLDWIDE

11. Understanding Stratification Perspectives of Stratification Compared Although stratification has been present in all societies, its nature and extent vary enormously depending on level of economic development. Stratification is not necessary. In fact, it is a major source of societal tension and conflict. Some level of stratification is necessary in order to ensure that key social positions are filled. But slavery and caste systems are unnecessary. Is stratification necessary? Yes Yes Yes Is stratification universal? Lenski’s View Conflict View Functionalist View Question

12. Understanding Stratification Perspectives of Stratification Compared There will be evolutionary changes in degree of stratification. Degree of stratification must be reduced so that society will become more equitable. Degree of stratification may change gradually. Will there be changes over time in a society’s level of stratification? Both societal-held and ruling class values. Ruling class values. Societal-held values. What is the basis for stratification? Lenski’s View Conflict View Functionalist View Question

15. Stratification by Social Class Table 9.1: Prestige Rankings of Occupations

17. Stratification by Social Class Figure 9.3: Comparison of Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United States

18. Stratification by Social Class Figure 9.4: The Growing U.S. Income Gap, 1989-1998

19. Stratification by Social Class Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2000 Source: Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Robert W. Cleveland, and Marc L. Oemer. 2001. Figure 1 in Money Income in the United States: 2000 . Current Population Reports Series P60-213. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income00.html. 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Income in 2000 dollars Recession $55,521 $45,904 $44,226 $33,447 $30,439 Asian and Pacific Islander White, not Hispanic Hispanic origin 1 White Black

20. Stratification by Social Class Source: Office of the President 2000: Economic Report of the President: Transmitted to the Congress , February 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 27. Growth in Mean Real Family Income by Quintile Bottom quintile 2 nd quintile 3 rd quintile 4 th quintile Top quintile -1 0 1 2 3 1993-98 1973-93

22. Stratification by Social Class Figure 9.5: Absolute Poverty in Selected Industrial Countries Continued…

24. Stratification by Social Class Table 9.2: Who Are the Poor in the United States?

25. Stratification by Social Class Number of Poor and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2000 Note: The data points represent the midpoints of the respective years. The latest recession began in July 1990 and ended in March 1991. Source: Figure 1 in Joseph Dalaker. 2001. Poverty in the United States: 2000 . Current Population Reports Series P60-214. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty00.html. 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 2000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Numbers in millions, rates in percent Recession Number in poverty Poverty rate 31.1 million 11.3 percent

26. Stratification by Social Class Note: The data points represent the midpoints of the respective years. The latest recession began in July 1990 and ended in March 1991. Data for blacks are not available from 1960 to 1965. Data for the other race and Hispanic origin groups are shown from the first year available. Hispanics may be of any race. Poverty Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2000 Source: Figure 3 in Joseph Dalaker. 2001. Poverty in the United States: 2000 . Current Population Reports Series P60-214. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty00.html. 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 2000 22.1 percent 21.2 percent 10.8 percent 9.4 percent 7.5 percent 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Percent 50 55 60 Recession Black White Hispanic White non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander

28. Social Mobility Social mobility : Movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society’s stratification system to another.

45. Social Policy and Stratification Unemployment Rates by Country, 2000 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2001 . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Table 1353 on p. 848. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/01statab/stat-ab01.html. 5.9 Sweden 4.7 Japan 10.5 Italy 7.9 Germany 9.5 France 5.8 Canada 6.6 Australia 4.0 United States Percent Country