Report Dissemination on Rationale Urbanization and globalization has brought shift in the dietary pattern Increased trend of western type high fat, high sugar and refined carbohydrates and low fiber diets by consuming packed foods, canned juices and soft drinks. Non- communicable disease are “Silently” becoming a heavy burden for developing countries like Nepal. Food intakes and Nutrition is the fore major modifiable determinant of chronic disease. The occurrence of the Non-communicable disease can be prevented to the extent of 80 % simply by adopting good lifestyle like physical exercise, balanced diet and avoiding smoking and alcohol. Research Objective Primary goal of the study is to study the food habits of the children and adolescent of Kathmandu Valley. Specific objective of the research 1. Identify the dietary pattern of the urban children and adolescent on junk foods and restaurant culture. 2. Analyze the effects of the economic and social status as well as peer pressure on food consumption pattern. 3. To indicate the possible risk factors for associated with food consumption pattern. 4. To develop a mechanism for addressing the need for more adequate food information system to maintain the food and nutritional situation of population.

1. Report Dissemination on

2. Urban Food Habits : Background
The risk factors for non- communicable disease are
1. Smoking Habits
2. Alcoholism
3. Low quality diet
4. Physical inactivity
.
79 % of the death in global scenario is attributed to non-communicable disease
occur in developing countries
Among the total deaths in South Asia, proportion attributed to non-communicable
disease range 7 % in Nepal.

3. Diet
Physical
Non-
activity Communicable Alcohol
disease
Tobacco
and
smoking

4. Rationale
• Increased trend of western type high fat, high sugar and
refined carbohydrates and low fiber diets by consuming
packed foods, canned juices and soft drinks.
• Food intakes and Nutrition is the fore major modifiable
determinant of chronic disease.

5. Research Objective
Specific objective of the research
1.
2. Analyze the effects of the economic and social status as
well as peer pressure on food consumption pattern.
3. To indicate the possible risk factors for associated with
food consumption pattern.
4. To develop a mechanism for addressing the need for
more adequate food information system to maintain
the food and nutritional situation of population.

6. Methodology
• The study area is eight schools of three
districts from Kathmandu Valley including
primary level classes and Higher secondary
level students

7. Globlization Urbanization Peer Pressure
Global Dietary Transition from traditional Socio-economic factor
marketing nutritious food to Junk/packed foods
Urban Food Habit
Adolescent Children Guardians
Food Marketing Health Condition
& Food Habits Food Preferences
Family Background
Advertisement
Homemade food
- Breakfast
Junk/packed foods Health problems
Parent's education Family type -Lunch
Cold drinks BMI
and occupation - Tiffin
Restaurants/cafes/canteen
foods

8. Schools Information
• Kathmandu District
1. Suryodaya Higher Secondary School- Dillibazzar, Kathmandu
2. Mount Glory Higher Secondary School- Tahachal, Kathmandu
3. National Integrated College (NIC)- Dillibazar, Kathmandu
4. Siddhartha Banasthali H. S. School- Banasthali, Kathmandu
• Lalitpur District
1. Balankur Secondary School – Lalitpur
2. Jana Bhavana Campus- Chapagoun, Lalitpur
• Bhaktapur District
1. Prabhat H. E.S. School – Byasi- Bhaktapur
2. Khwopa H. S. School- Dhekocha- Bhaktapur

9. Data Analysis and Results
A comparative data analysis of the data
collected from students and children has been
done as following:

10. 1. Age and Sex wise distribution of the
Respondents
1. Children are most active physically and mentally.
• High growth phase by gaining adolescent height, weight and sexual
development. The food consumption patterns in these regards are very
important for these ages for normal development
Children : Primary Level Students
-Age group from 8-10 age were 47 % and 11-13 age were 53 %
2. Adolescent is a period of intense physiological, psychological and social
change.
• Eating patterns are frequently erratic in adolescents.
• ‘Early adopters’ of new products or ideas.
• These age groups provide the insight of the nutritional transition
happening in the food habits of the new generation.
Adolescents : Higher Secondary Level Students
- Age group from 15-17 age were 65 % and 18-20 age were 35%.

11. 2. Types of Family
• The type of family where the children has been brought up
influences the dietary pattern of the children.
• The type of family also represents the socio- economic background
of the respondents.
Children:
 64 %of the children live with Nuclear / Single family and 26 % live
with Joint family
Adolescents
 78 % of the respondents have the Nuclear family
 22 % of the respondents have Joint family
In Average
 71 % of the respondent’s families are living in nuclear families
 29 % of the respondents are living as joint families.

12. Types of Breakfast
Children
• 59 percent of the respondents consume breads and milk
for their breakfast.
• 15 percent eat cornflakes and milk in breakfast
• 8 percent eat rice, dal and curry for breakfast.
• Consume biscuits, pies, fruitcakes, milk, noodles, tea,
coffee and doughnuts for breakfast
Adolescents
• 62 percent of the respondents eat their breakfast at home
• 11 percent have their breakfast at School,
• 26 percent have their breakfast in Canteen/Café
• 1 percent of the respondent pack food from home for
breakfast.

13. Types of Lunch
90
77
Children 80
74
• 77 % eat lunch homemade foods 70
• 22 % eat readymade packed foods 60
Percentage
• 1 % eat restaurant foods 50
40
Adolescents Children
Adolescents
• 75% of the respondents have homemade food for 23
30
22 Lunch
• 23 % generally have readymade packed foods for lunch
20
10
• 3 % of the respondents have their lunch in Restaurants. 1 3
0
• Adolescent consume less homemade foods and more packed and
Homemade food Readymade packed Restruant foods
restaurant foods than children foods
Types of lunch
In averages
• 75.50 % i.e. 3/4th of the respondents eat home cooked foods
• 22.5 % respondents eat ready to eat/Junk foods
• 2 % eat at restaurants
• 1/4th of the respondents eat junk and fast foods for lunch

14. Types of Tiffin
Children
• 77 % of the respondents bring Tiffin from home
90
80
•
80
23 % get pocket money .
70
Adolescents, 60
64
• 20 %of the respondents get home food for the Tiffin.
Percentage 50
• 80 % of the respondents get pocket money
40
Children
Adolescent
• They normally go to restaurants, buy junk foods.
30
23
In average, 20
20
13
• 42 % of the respondents get home cooked food for
10
Tiffin, 0
0
• 6.5 % of respondents get packed food as Tiffin
Home cooked food Pocket Money Packed food fromhome
• 51.5% i.e. more than half the percent of the
respondents get pocket money for the Tiffin.

15. Food and Drink Preferences
70
65
60 57
50
43
Similarly
Percentages
40
35 Children
30
• percent respondent preferedAdolescents and 40 percent respondent
water
prefered drinking soft drinks to water.
20 70
61
59
10 60
Junk foods are Soft Drinks are
0 • Tasty 50 Tasty
Home cooked food Packed foods/canteen foods
• easily availableitems
Preferences of food Percentage
40
39
41
Easily Available
• cheaper Cheaper
Children
• saves times 30
Saves times Adolescents
• 20 Refreshing than water
10
0
Water Colddrinks
Preference between water and colddrings

16. Frequency of Consuming Junk Foods
and Soft Drinks
40 38
35 Frequency of Consuming Junk foods
36
31
30
• 16 percent of the respondents consume junk food twice a
24
26
Percentage
25
20 day
18
• 37 percent consume at least once a day
14 13
15
Children
10
• 27.5 percent consume junk foods on every alternate days
Adolescents
5
• 19.5 percent respondents consume junk foods only once a
0
Twice a Once a day On the Once a
week.
day alternate
days
week
40 38
36
Frequency of Consuming Soft Drinks
Frequency of consumption of junk food 35 31
• 11.50 percent respondents always consume soft drinks
30 26
24
Percentage 25
• 61.5 percent respondents consume soft drinks occaisonaly 20 18
14 13
15
Children
• 27 percent rarely consume any 5soft drinks. 10
Adolescents
0
Twice a day Once a day On the Once a week
alternate
days
Frequency of consumption of junk food

17. Effects of Advertisement on Food
Consumption
• 32.5 percent respondents watch television for
2-3 hrs. a day
• 10.5 percent respondents watch television more
that 4 hrs a day.
37 percent respondents do not like to eat food
items shown in advertisement.

19. Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents
15 percent do not have any idea of balanced
diet
• High percent of the adolescents were aware
about the contents of junk foods and soft
drinks but unaware of their effects on their
health.

20. Opinions Regarding Junk foods
• 22 percent of them think, consumption of
junk foods also help in normal development
and growth

21. Body Mass Index (BMI)
30
26
25
22
Calculation of the BMI is done as per the
20
Percentage of respondents
18
provided height and weight measurement.
15
31 percent adolescents are underweight
13 Male
Female
• 48 percent adolescents are of normal weight
10
8
7
• 15 percent adolescents are overweight and
5
5
1
0
Underweight Normal Overweight Obese
Body weight as per BMI

22. Health Problems
• Highest percent of them complained of
having Gastritis, bowel problem, common
cold, diarrhea and weakness.

23. Results from guardian’s survey
• About 50 percent of guardians have no information
what their children are given at school for Tiffin
• Approx 1/3 of the parents from urban societies do not
have time to prepare Tiffin for their children
• High percent of guardians, themselves buy junk food
and soft drinks for children in every occasions and
weekends
• 60 percent of the guardians think that advertisement
has highest effects on food preferences of children

24. Contd…..
• 13 percent of guardians think that junk foods
helps for children development
• 32 percent have no idea what effect junk foods
has on health.
The maximum percent of the guardians think
that giving junk foods sometimes as in once to
twice a week if fine for children

25. Major Findings
• Higher the income of the parents , higher is
the consumption of junk foods.
• Better the economic status of the
family, higher is the consumption of junk
foods
• High percentages of the adolescents prefer
junk foods than children.
• Guardians lack the knowledge in the change
in food’s nutritional value after processing
and modification.

26. Contd….
• Knowledge gap in understanding the actual
contents and ingredients of junk foods and its
real and long term impacts on health.
• Canteen foods : mo:
mo, chowmein, noodles, pakouda, chips, bre
ad chops and soft drinks more dangerous
than the packed foods .
• High knowledge level and information BUT
prevalence of ignorance in the feeding habits
of the children in urban areas

27. Conclusion
• There is strong relationship between diet and
emergence of Non-communicable disease
• Developing countries like Nepal is facing double
burden of diseases as they are already facing
malnutrition, diarrhea, infection and now they
are also facing high increase in non-
communicable disease

28. Contd….
• More the consumption of junk foods more is
the risk for Non –Communicable disease
• Children and Adolescents are the most
vulnerable to the so called modern trends of
eating junk foods and cold drinks
• The traditional staples food are being
replaced by junk foods

29. Recommendations : On Government Level
• Incorporate and prioritize nutrition as a cross-
cutting issues in Government’s policies to form
and implement policy to avert the growing
epidemic and diet related complications in
Nepal.
• Use of artificial, synthetic additives in food items
is high in junk foods. Hence, this should be
limited within the standards of food laws.
• There should be a clear policy related to
advertisement and promotion of various junk
foods/soft beverages and should bring out strict
laws against the promotion of junk food items.

30. Recommendations : Policy implications
• Advocacy and lobbying should be increased to formulate
new plans and program and implement them against the
faulty advertisement and hence try to control the
misconceptions being created that junk foods are healthy
for consumption.
• There is a need of comprehensive food and nutrition
plans/policies, schools extensive program and health
programs

31. Contd..
• There is a need of revise school level
nutrition related curriculum so that student
could get actual knowledge of nutrition
which is very effective mode of knowledge
sharing and could influence the eating
pattern of family/household level as well

32. Recommendations: I/NGOsCBOs
• NGO should incorporated nutrition related
program by coordinating with Government and
other NGO’s to avoid duplication and flow the
nutrition related program effectively
• Nutrition stakeholders, health personal, civil
society groups and local leaders should increase
awareness on the need for the scaling up
nutrition actions and investments to prevent
non-communicable diseases, promote
consumer’s protection, food quality
control, advocate for policy options and monitor
implementation of nutrition related policies.

33. Recommendations: On School Level
• Sufficient Food and nutrition knowledge that links to
food and health should be included at all level of
school education.
• The study has raised the issues on the
quality, healthiness, hygiene and safety of the college
canteen food services and School Tiffin Services.
Hence, college and schools should understand the
importance of healthy diet in development of
adolescent and children and collaborate with the food
and nutrition expertise to provide the students with
safe, hygienic and good quality food items.

34. Recommendations: On household/Parents
level
• Schools should introduce the policies of not
allowing junk foods inside school including
school canteen as junk free zone.
• Never encourage students/Children to drink
soft drinks and other preserved energy
drinks.

35. Recommendations:
Research, Resources and Knowledge Management
• Need of sufficient data base on this sector has to be
established.
• Need to conduct research on how diet- related chronic
diseases affect socio-economic prospects, prevalence of
Life- style associated disease, Nutritional transition in
Nepal and its effects to health, Effects of advertisement in
Food habits and consumption pattern, Variation in
consumption of junk foods and fruits/vegetables and
many other research that associates food consumption
and health.

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40. Thank you