1. The Earth’s Interior

8. Continental Drift and the Origin of Plate Tectonics

10. Wegener’s Map showing the breakup of Pangea See Reference Table Page 9

11. Note how they fit together

13. These plates are “riding”on a more “plastic molten” layer below These plates are “riding”on a more “plastic molten” layer below

14. This plastic molten layer of magma is called the: asthenosphere

17. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Geographer and Polar Explorer

20. 2. __________ species have been found on widely separated parts of the earth. Fossil

21. 3. Permian fossils are very similar in widely separated continents

22. Cynognathus

23. Lystrosaurus

25. Mesosaurus

26. 3. _____________ and ______________ have a good match of ancient continental rocks and tectonic _________ and _________ structures. S. America Africa fault fold

27. 4. Some mountain chains appear to be continuous from ____________ to______________ continent continent

28. 5. Evidence of _________ climates different from present. ancient Ex . Finding coal beds which indicate tropical climates

30. World War II Submarine warfare

34. Mid-ocean ridge

36. 6 . Rocks of the ocean basins are _________ than continental rocks. younger

38. Material from deep within the earth comes to the surface at the ___________________ where it spreads apart to make ________________. Ocean ridges New ocean crust

40. Sea floor spreading

41. B. The two major pieces of evidence are: Age of igneous ocean material 1. 2. Reversal of magnetic polarity

42. When rock hardened it kept the alignment forming a permanent record of the ___________________ of the earth at that time. Magnetic field

44. N S

45. N S

47. N S Magnetic polarity reversal

49. Rocks found farther from the ridges have a _____________ magnetic polarity. Parallel stripes of ________________ on either side of these ridges preserve the record of many ____________ of the earth’s magnetic field. reversed magnetism reversals

51. Deep Sea Drilling Project ship - Glomar Challenger

52. C. The _______ _________ (basaltic) igneous rocks of the crust near the ocean ridges are covered with a thin layer of ____________. dark dense sediment

53. This is evidence that the earth’s crust is very ___________ near the ridges. young

56. The oldest parts of the ocean crust are found far from the ___________ ridges and near the _______________ ocean continents

60. Lithospheric Plates ___________ in size and are made up of a combination of ___________ crust and ______________ crust vary oceanic continental

66. Aerial view of the San Andreas fault slicing through the Carrizo Plain in the Temblor Range east of the city of San Luis Obispo. (Photograph by Robert E. Wallace, USGS.)

69. Oceanic-Continental Convergence Ex. Andes in S.America

70. 1b.When two ocean plates converge the _______ ___________ocean plate will __________ forming an ____________ ________ older subduct island arc denser

71. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence Ex. Indonesia, Phillippines,Japan & Aleutians

73. 1c.When two continental plates converge the edges of _______ are crumpled up forming _________ ________________ both mountains folded

74. Continental-Continental Convergence Ex. Himalayas

75. Himalayas

76. 2.At ____________ plate boundaries, the plates move ___________ and ________ flows up forming parallel ridges made of _______ __________ __________ divergent magma new igneous apart rock

77. Divergent Plate Boundary Ex. Mid-Atlantic Ridge

79. 3. At ____________ plate boundaries, the plates move ________ each other causing shallow _____________ _______________ transform earth past quakes

80. Transform Plate Boundary Ex. San Andreas Fault of California

81. core III. MANTLE CONVECTION CELLS:

82. These plates are “riding”on a more “plastic molten” layer below III. MANTLE CONVECTION CELLS:

83. The evidence shows that approximately _______ million years ago, the major continents were _______________ 200 connected

84. And since that time they have been __ _________ separating

85. A convection cell is a stream of heated material that is moving because of _________ DENSITY DIFFERENCES

86. These convection cells exist in part of the mantle called the _______________ ASTHENOSPHERE

87. asthenosphere

88. The two sources of this heat are: 1. 2. Residual (leftover) heat from the formation of the Earth Heat generated from radioactive decay from the core of the earth

91. As a plate passes over a hot spot, a _______________ _______________ forms CHAIN OF VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS

93. The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot forming a chain of volcanoes. The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.

95. The only mountain that _______ ________ is the mountain located directly over the _____ ______ remains active hot spot