Capturing emerging relations between schema ontologies on the Web of Data

Capturing emerging relations between schema ontologies on the Web of Data Andriy Nikolov Enrico Motta

Public linked data “Linking” in the Linked Data cloud: References to instance URIs described in external sources Special case: identity links between equivalent resources Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and AnjaJentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/

Motivation Schema heterogeneity is an obstacle both for creating and for utilising these links Extracting information on the same topic from different repositories Discovering equivalence links between individuals Motivation for our work: discovering instance-level links How to choose the repositories to connect a new one? Which subsets of repositories contain co-referring instances? ? LinkedMDB TV programs DBPedia Freebase movies pieces of music MusicBrainz

Schema-level interlinks Schema-level ? Data-level

Matching approaches “Top-down” Analyzing schema ontologies and generating alignments (manually or automatically) UMBEL Using CYC as a “backbone” Mapping commonly used schema ontologies “Bottom-up” Inferring schema mappings based on instance-level information

Our approach Constructing a large-scale network of schema mappings Applying a light-weight instance-based matcher Analysing the resulting network What does it tell us about the use of ontologies?

Motivating factors Potential use case scenarios Discovering relevant sources for connection Discovering relevant subsets of comparable instances Tolerance to the quality of mappings A mapping between “strongly overlapping” classes is still useful even if there is no strict equivalence/subsumption

Instance-based matching Use of instance-based matching Some implicit schema-level assumptions cannot be captured using only schema-level evidence Interpretation mismatches dbpedia:Actor = professional actor (film or stage) movie:actor = anybody who participated in a movie Class interpretation “as used” vs “as designed” FOAF: foaf:Person = any person DBLP: foaf:Person = computer scientist

Instance set overlaps Co-typing dbpedia:Artist yago:ItalianComposers DBPedia is_a is_a dbpedia:Ennio_Morricone Declared association movie:music_contributor dbpedia:Artist mo:MusicArtist is_a is_a LinkedMDB DBPedia MusicBrainz = = dbpedia:Ennio_Morricone movie:music_contributor/2490 music:artist/a16…9fdf

Dataset Billion Triple Challenge 2009 about 1.14 billion triples contains core LOD repositories (DBPedia, Freebase, Geonames, Musicbrainz, LinkedMDB,…) smaller semantic datasets retrieved by search servers (Falcon-S, Sindice) ≈3.6M co-typing-based overlapping pairs of classes ≈1M association-based pairs

Inferring mappings Classification task Classes A, B: is there a mapping? Boolean classification type of mappings assigned based on comparing sizes of instance sets Features 𝑛𝑠1, 𝑛𝑠2: namespaces of class URIs |𝑒𝐴∩𝐵|: size of the overlap 𝑒𝐴, 𝑒𝐵: sizes of instance sets |𝑒(𝐴∩𝐵)||𝑒𝐴|,|𝑒(𝐴∩𝐵)||𝑒𝐴|: ratio of the overlapping subset to the complete instance set ,[object Object],

Test Training Training set: 6000 overlapping pairs of classes Test: 10-fold cross-validation Training Training set: 6000 overlapping pairs of classes Test: 10-fold cross-validation Applying 2 networks of class mappings

Observations: class mappings Association-based network: classes involved into the largest number of mappings High-level classes represented concepts covered in many repositories … and describing categories with very fine-grained class decomposition Usually also the most populated ones geonames:Feature freebase:people.person yago:PhysicalEntity linkedmdb:film umbel:Person akt:Person akt:ArticleReference … “under-linked” ones?

Observations: class mappings Co-typing-based network: classes involved into the largest number of mappings Popular classes reused in many repositories … or in DBPedia … and describing categories with fine-grained class decomposition Usually also the most populated ones foaf:Person umbel:Person dbpedia:Person dbpedia:FootballPlayer wordnet:Person dbpedia:Album sioc:WikiArticle geonames:Feature …

Links between ontologies Aggregated network: connections between ontologies Mapping-based links between ontologies At least 1 mapping between corresponding classes must exist

Association-based network Generic: ,[object Object]

Capturing emerging relations between schema ontologies on the Web of Data

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Capturing emerging relations between schema ontologies on the Web of Data