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Online Community Mapping




 Online Community Mapping

              The PNC 2005 Annual Conference and Joint Meetings
               Oct.31 to Nov.3, 2005 University of Hawaii at Manoa
                                Honolulu, Hawai'i


                 Tyng-Ruey Chuang and Andrea Wei-Ching Huang
                 Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica
                                    Taipei, Taiwan




                                                                Online Community Mapping




                  Last Year: we try to understand 4 dimensions
                  in Web-based community GIS.



                         Four dimensions
                   o Spatial data sources
                   o Web technologies
                   o People and Community
                   o Sustainability

                                                                               2
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                 At this point in time: we can say with confidence
                 that people, place, participation are emerging in




                                                                      3
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                                                       Online Community Mapping




                    Content for Today:
                         What Phenomenon
                         Supporting Theories
                         A Proposed Model
                         Supporting Technologies
                         Geospatial Legal Aspects
                         Conclusion



                                                                      4
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What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ?




     web-based                          interaction                          geographical
                                     convergence



                      personal participation
                                                                                                   5
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                                                                                    Online Community Mapping



What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ?

 2003~2004        Online Map Usage has increased 60% world wide
                  ( Nielsen NetRatings, October 2004)


 2004/ US         Map Searching become top activity online in US.
                  (Pew Internet & American Life Project survey, Dec.2004 )




 2005/ US
                  After Google Map release… a proliferation of online
                  map websites… quot;This is like the 1990's, when
                  everyone was creating everything on the Web.quot;
                  (NYTimes, October 20, 2005 )



 2005/ UK         Data supplied by Ordnance Survey (OS) adds an
                  annual value of more than £100bn to the UK
                  economy. (Guardian, April 7, 2005)
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                  We trace the emergence of specific
                             features: see appendix I




                                                            7
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                                             Online Community Mapping




                         2. Supporting Theories
          In conceptualizing the making of Online
          Community Mapping (OCM), we draw
          on the theoretical perspectives of

          Naïve Geography
          Participatory Research
          Online Community Framework (OCF)

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                       a multidisciplinary research
                           which is involved at least
                          geography, sociology, &
                                       sociology
                   information/ computer science
see appendix II




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                                               Online Community Mapping




                    In theory, naïve geography
                                         stress
                                 common-sense
                                 geography of the world
                                 next-generation GIS
                                 theory base
                                 allow “errors” &
                                 “inconsistent”




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              classify a diverse collection of
                            these phenomena




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                                              Online Community Mapping




                         In theory, social geography

            focuses on the relationships
            between people and place.
            Among these, participatory research
            offers a model of community
            development.



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                         issues to understand geo-spatial mapping




                                                                       13
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                                                          Online Community Mapping



                  examples to understand geo-spatial mapping


                                          OpenStreetMap
                                   Blogmapper FreeGIS
                TSM              ProjectOneMap
                 CMAP              CHiRP
              Window to My         GeoURL
              Environment                    Google
                                  UpMyStreet
                Ordance Survey               Yahoo
                TIGER                          MSN
                   Community Atlas PPGIS       Map
                Community Mapping PGIS
                           Network CiGIS
                          NSDI



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 3. A Proposed Model


                                                            15
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                                               Online Community Mapping



                                    A Proposed Model
          for a common-sense geography of the world




                         functionalize




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                                         online collaborative communities:
                                                               communities
                                popularity of online communities is increasing
                                      which based around bloggers, wikis,…




                                  phenomenalize




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                                                                  Online Community Mapping



                                          participatory community mapping :
               providing participants an approach to their self-representation, a
              systematic process for identifying capacities and barriers, as well
               as serving as a resource for mobilizing community opportunities




                                    theorize




                                                                               18
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                                    A Proposed Model


                                          functionalize




                         web technology                   phenomenalize
                         integrated




                                            theorize




                                                                                       19
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                                                                          Online Community Mapping




                                   Therefore we define *online
                                       community mapping* :


    The process of collaborative
    mapping of geo-spatial domains
    where people participate online.



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                 4. Supporting Technologies

   “Web technologies are beginning to
    enable users to more beyond the
    role of passive receivers to become
    active participants in collaborative
    information flows.”
                                   (Rogers. N.,2003)




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            Geography Information
                 Technology
      In our experience,
      Geography Markup Language (GML) and Scalable Vector
      Graphics (SVG) well utilize existing open source resources


                                                                                 23
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                                                                    Online Community Mapping




Taiwan Population Mapping                          Taipei City GML-based
(http://tsm.iis.sinica.edu.tw/)        Interoperable Geo-spatial Systems




          map rendering in SVG        Topographical map rendering in SVG and GML
                                                                                 24
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                        eg.SVG can be used to assist
                  existing web mapping applications
                          UK hacker: Using SVG for paths in Google Maps


                                                   Google Maps API
                                                   uses VML




                                                     SVG shares a lot
                                                      in common with
                                                               VML


                                        http://jibbering.com/blog/?p=179

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                                                               Online Community Mapping




                                   Theoretically Speaking,

                         focus on 2 dimensions of usability &
    OCF                  sociability in which to understand
                         how technology may or must be
                         used to improve them.



                         the emerging of social software
                         may play a key role in the trend.

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                                  social software mechanisms enable
                               group participation and collaboration


                         Social Software

                                            •for document creation (wiki)
                                                                       wiki
                              •personal publishing and syndication (blog)
                                                                      blog
                          • social bookmark for links sharing (del.icio.us)
                                                               del.icio.us
                                                    • photo sharing (fliker)
                                                                     fliker
                                             • social tagging (technorati)
                                                               technorati
                                          •resource sharing (BitTorrent)
                                                               BitTorrent
                                                                                27
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                                                                   Online Community Mapping




                         a well-mixed bowl of




                                                                                28
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                                    wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software
Online Community Mapping




                          powerful tools for facilitating social
                               communication, creating and
                            maintaining online communities




                                        col
                                            lab
                                               o ra
                                                   tive
                                                        sof
                                                           twa
                                                              re

open, simple and freely editability
                                                                         29
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                                                            Online Community Mapping


                         who are combing social software
                                           to geo-place


Examples of (geo + blog) / (geo +wiki), see appendix III




                                                                         30
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                           Why people want to
       tie social software to
                  geo-place?


                                                                        31
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                                                           Online Community Mapping




                     In theory, participatory research

                         Mapping is one of the best
                         participatory techniques.
                         It also offers participants a way to their
       PR                self-representation.
                         Tool for interrelationship
                         Contribute to community projects
                         Capacity building



                                                                        32
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Online Community Mapping




                   Also because their mechanism design

        1. eliminate technical barriers
        2. make the Web accessible as a medium for self expression
           and offer two-way channels to communicate with .




 Chuang and Huang 2005




                                                         Online Community Mapping




    1. Permalink: makes cross referencing and
       discourse easier
    2. Trackback: automates cross blog referencing ;
       converse and keeps correspondence explicit
       and persistent.
    3. RSS and Atom, enables easy syndication and
       aggregation of blog content.
    4. Content: excellent knowledge management
       tools
                                                                      34
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051102 Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping




             5. Geospatial Legal Aspects

                                                      demand for
                                                      access to a
              IT + Web                                variety of geo
                                                      data


                                        have not kept pace
                                        with developments

                   data dissemination and licensing frameworks




                                                                              37
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                                                                 Online Community Mapping




                 most major mapping agencies copyright
                   their geodata, except for the US,CAN,
                                     Brazil, AUS, and NZ




                                                                              38
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Online Community Mapping



                Whether Governments Have the Right to
                   Limit and Charge for State-Collected
                                             GeoData?


                                     security
                right                privacy




           data                             economy
         usability


                         Paradoxes

                                                               39
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                                                  Online Community Mapping




                We accept the challenge to answer
                                    this questions


    by analysing
    pro/con issues
    of arguments in
    particular




             See appendix IV

                                                               40
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                           Our perspectives
       • online, open, and collaborative exploration of
         domain spaces is one of the most successful web
         paradigms.
       • we advocate more flexible licensing models : CC,
         GPL or dual licensing (see Dr. Chuang’s
         presentation this morning)
       • geo-spatial dataset release should be in source
         forms
       • and should be accompanied by the necessary data
         models (i.e., schema), metadata and catalog
         descriptions, data format definitions, and source
         code of the related software tools.
                                                                 41
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                                                    Online Community Mapping




           6. Conclusion


                                                                 42
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Online Community Mapping




                         This is a start toward bringing
                          up many of these issues, and


          As we widen our examples
          and perspectives, more and
          more new issues crop up.
          At least,

                                                               43
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                                                  Online Community Mapping




                               Online
                             Community




                                             Online
            Community
                                            Mapping
             Mapping



        While these are emerging, and
                       can be found…
Online Community Mapping




                       Online
                     Community




                                               Online
     Community
                                              Mapping
      Mapping


open/ collaborative geo-spatial mapping
         is boosting the phenomenon…


                                                        Online Community Mapping




                       Online
                     Community



                       Geography
                 Information Technology
                            +
                     Social Software
                            +
                      Open Access              Online
     Community
                                              Mapping
      Mapping



        Conceptualization of Online Community Mapping
                    Chuang and Huang (2005)
Online Community Mapping




      Comment?
      Criticism?
      Challenge?

      …. or
                                              47
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                                 Online Community Mapping




                     … Cheers!



                                              48
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                                           49
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                              Online Community Mapping




                   APPENDIX


                                           50
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Online Community Mapping




                  This research is the key underpinning

  for new emerging trends in the domain of Geo-
  Spatial Information Sciences that link information to
  users of that information integrated elements
  embedded “where, when, who, why, and write” to
  link “people, place, and participation”.

  For these reasons, we expect this research to be a
  major innovation –with many unforeseen
  applications, as well as scientific and social
  consequences in a potential research manner
  among a wide range of disciplines.
                                                              51
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                                                 Online Community Mapping




                            Appendix I:
      trace the emergence of specific features

                         online community
                         community mapping
                         online mapping



                                                              52
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             Online Community



                                                                                     53
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                                                                        Online Community Mapping
                                                                       Online Community Mapping




     However,                            Online Community =            Online
no universally                                                         Specific
     accepted                            Online Data Users =           Groups with
  definition of                                                        their Specific
 community                        Online Data Contributors             Interests

   in complex
     networks!            Online Users contribute their data/information
                                                    they are exploring


                             Shared Data/Information Space

                   Authority-generated          Community-generated data/information

                                                                                     54
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Online Community Mapping
                                                                                               Online Community Mapping




                                               In the blog scenario, it means….
   Google undertook
   Blogger.Blogger (a
   popular create-your- 2003
own-Web-diary software)

    Coined the term                                     Blog /                                  A
      “Moblogging”        2002      Common                           Relationship           community
   Adam Greenfield                      +                                  +
                                                       Website                              as a set of
                                    Interest                          Hyperlinks
     The 1st posted
        Moblogging:       2001
                                                                                              blogs
  Stuart Woodward
     on LiveJournal

     Blogging: boost      1999
     Coined the term
            “weblog”      1997
       John Barger,
     Chicago: Robot
        Wisdom site
      The 1st weblog      1992
   Tim Bernes- Lee:                                              self-made content
    http://info.cern.ch

                                 Authority-generated        Community-generated data/information

                                                                                                             55
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                                                                                                Online Community Mapping
                                                                                               Online Community Mapping




                                                            In statistics, it means….
                                   5/26/2005
   Google undertook
   Blogger.Blogger (a              •more than the 10-11 million have been indexed
   popular create-your- 2003
own-Web-diary software)
                                   • more than the 31.6 million hosted blogs
    Coined the term
      “Moblogging”        2002
   Adam Greenfield                 •BlogHerald's estimate of 60 million.
     The 1st posted
        Moblogging:       2001
  Stuart Woodward
     on LiveJournal

     Blogging: boost      1999
     Coined the term
            “weblog”      1997
       John Barger,
     Chicago: Robot
        Wisdom site
      The 1st weblog      1992
   Tim Bernes- Lee:
    http://info.cern.ch

                                                                    Source: http://www.perseus.com/blogsurvey /


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                                                                                     Online Community Mapping




                                     In the wiki scenario, it means….
   the Los Angeles
             Times      2005
      experimented
   with using a wiki
     in the editorial                             wiki /                             A
  section but failed           Common                          Relationship      community
    Jimmy Wales/        2003       +            Website              +
        Wikimedia              Interest                         Hyperlinks       as a set of
       Foundation                                                                   wikis
             :
  Socialtext the
  1st commercial        2002
 open source wiki


  Jimbo Wales &         2001                     enables documents to be written
    Larry Sanger
  build wikipedia
                                                       collectively (co-authoring)
                        1995
   established by              Most wikis are open to the general public, and data
Ward Cunningham
                                  most produced by the interested communities..


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                                                                                      Online Community Mapping
                                                                                     Online Community Mapping




                                                      In statistics, it means….
   the Los Angeles
             Times      2005   The case of wikipedia
      experimented
   with using a wiki
     in the editorial
  section but failed
    Jimmy Wales/        2003
                               • 50 million hits per day
        Wikimedia
       Foundation              • over 793,000 articles
             :
  Socialtext the
  1st commercial        2002   • English-language articles over half a million
 open source wiki

                        2001
                               • about 40,000 people have contributed
  Jimbo Wales &
    Larry Sanger               content to Wikipedia
  build wikipedia


   established by
                        1995   • more than 100 language versions
Ward Cunningham




                                                                                                   58
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Online Community Mapping




        Community Mapping
 What is community mapping?

 “It is a process which identifies the location of social, economic
 and ecological assets and deficiencies of a community.”
                                                      US Urban Strategies Council, 2003
                                                                                 59
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                                                                    Online Community Mapping




                                      More Specific to the Points:
      Projects that use maps, geo-information, information
  technologies to build geo-spatial representations of local knowledge,
  facilitate public participation, help the public more informed
  decision-making, improve planning process, open up local
  project opportunities.

     A survey of the current GIS literature reveals the following similar
  terms used to describe community-based GIS Applications (Peter A. Kwaku
  Kyem, 2004): Public Participation GIS (PPGIS), Participatory GIS (PGIS),
                                         PPGIS                      PGIS
  Community Integrated GIS (CiGIS), Neighborhood-created GIS,
                                   CiGIS
  Community Mapping


                                                                                 60
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Online Community Mapping
                                                                       Online Community Mapping




                             Abundant projects/show cases:

     PPGIS -   Public Participation GIS (see Dr.Tsai’s last presentation)
     Community Mapping – (New York/, the Community Mapping Assistance Project (CMAP)




                                                          Whistler's Community
                              PGIS 2005 Conference        Habitat Resources
                                                          Project (CHiRP)
                                                                  (CHiRP)

 www.nonprofitmaps.org             pgis2005.cta.int       www.chirpwhistler.info

                                                                                     61
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                                                                        Online Community Mapping
                                                                       Online Community Mapping




             Community Mapping, PGIS, PPGIS and P3DM Virtual Library




                                            www.iapad.org/bibliography.htm           62
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Online Community Mapping




                 Online Mapping

1993 Xerox ParcMap

          1995 MapQuest                           2005 Google (Map/Earth),
                                                       Yahoo, Microsoft, …



                                                                       63
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                                                          Online Community Mapping




            major search engine players initiating street-level web
              map services for general public applications such as
                       transportation, real estate, and local search




                                                                       64
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Online Community Mapping



“significantly elevated public awareness
    that maps can be useful and fun.”
                                    fun
                                 (Reed, C,2005)




                                                                              blog




             Yahoo Map
                                                     MSN Virtual Earth
                                                                                  65
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                                                                     Online Community Mapping




                     let the public/non-experts develop maps online with points on
                                                                               top




                                                                                  66
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                             Appendix II:
            take a look at the supporting theories

                         naïve geography
                         participatory research
                         online community framework



                                                                                         67
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                                                                            Online Community Mapping




                                 “The body of knowledge that people have
                                 about the surrounding geographic world.”
                                                                    Egenhofer and Mark, 1995




               Naïve Geography

        Egenhofer, M. J., and Mark, D. M., 1995. Naive Geography. In Frank, A. U. and
        Kuhn, W., editors, Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS,
        Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences No. 988, 1-15.



                                                                                         68
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                         Notion of Naïve Geography
      1)    common-sense geography of the world
      2)    next-generation GIS theory base
      3)    core= spatial + temporal reasoning
      4)    qualitative reasoning method
      5)    allow “errors” & “inconsistent”




                                                          69
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                                             Online Community Mapping




                                                          70
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                                            In theory, social geography focuses on the
                                     relationships between people and place. Among
                                                                         place
                                        these, participatory research offers a model of
                                                              community development.


     Participatory Research

       Rachel, Pain (2004), Social geography: participatory research, in Progress in
       Human Geography, vol. 28, no.5, pp.652-663
       Pain,R (2003), Social geography: on action-orientated research, Progress in
       Human Geography 27, 5:649-657


                                                                                            71
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                                                                               Online Community Mapping




                                                                                            72
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               In the words of Rachel Pain,
            “(narrative authority) gives
            traditionally powerless groups
                the power to shape the way
                            their identities”


                                                                           73
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                                                              Online Community Mapping




 Online Community Framework
           (OCF)
                                     de Souzqa, C.S. & Preece, J (2004),
        A framework for analysing and understanding online communities,
                                  Interacting with Computers 16:579-610


                                                                           74
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                         Components & factors of the OCM
                                              framework




            social interaction in the   what happens at the human-
            online community                     computer interface

                                                                              Revised from
                                                         de Souzqa, C.S. & Preece,75(2004),
                                                                                   J
                                                                                      p580
Chuang and Huang, 2005




                                                                     Online Community Mapping




               Purpose of OCF-based analyses

             1. To understand how technology
                may or must be used to improve
                usability & sociability.
             2. To prevent problems in computer-
                mediated communication & social
                interaction.



                                                                                  76
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                          Appendix III:
                who are combing social software
                         to geo-place




                                                                               77
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                                                                  Online Community Mapping




                     UK Case:                          Conversations

              Coates, Webb & Magdalinski (2003) observed:


        1.     Geocoded community = Geocoded Message
               board (learn from metafilter, a weblog-style message-board)
                                 metafilter weblog-
        2.     Every threaded conversation has a specific
               geographical location.
        3.     Designed to help you “meet your neighbors
               and discuss local issues” .




                                                                               78
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Online Community Mapping

                                                                           My profile: postcode geocoded




Conversation Nearby
                                                                                               Conversations
                                                                                                          History


                                                                                                               79
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                                                                                                  Online Community Mapping


                                                                            Here comes the fun part :
                                                                                    Thread-tracking
                                       Coates, Webb & Magdalinski (2003)
   “Threads are not lost, people can
     see when things change.”




                                                                                                               80
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Online Community Mapping




                         The WorldKit Projects




                                                                          81
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                                                             Online Community Mapping




         www.blogmapper.com/




                                                                          82
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Online Community Mapping




                       Some Other Wiki Mapping Ways




http://www.geowiki.co.uk/geowiki/
Online Community Mapping



                                          Some Other Wiki Mapping Ways




                                                             Online Community Mapping


                            OpenSDI-the Open Spatial Data Infrastructure
                                         Chris Holmes’s Wiki + OpenSDI
                                                       BENEFITs
                                                       • Trust mechanism
                                                       • How good data is
                                           eBay like
                         Wiki Like


          Slashdot Like                                BENEFIT
                          Decentralized                • return searches
                                        Google     Like based on what
                         Geospatial web                  others rate as
                                                         valuable




                                                                          86
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Online Community Mapping




                                                      Chris Holmes’s Wiki + OpenSDI

Thoughts
1. Wikipedia for base layer data     Wiki Like
2. RSS + Spatial annotation
                                               eBay like
3. Annotated Tiger dataset :
•  Lets _anyone_ change the content –more       Google Like
   users keeping things up
• allow people to create their own            Slashdot Like
   community-based layers
4. Version Control idea:
     •A database records every single updates
     •(Subversion) this last thing is that it allows you to get the list of diffs
       Subversion)
     on a zoomed in part of the map, that are the ones actually relevant
     for the part of the map you are looking at.
     •“History” section- just the numbers of the revisions by “wiki history
       History” section-
     GML application schema”/ special wiki transaction XML
                                                                                          87
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                                                                             Online Community Mapping




        quot;Because of the advantages in
         computing power, suddenly
         cartography has gone from a read-only
          medium into being a                          read/write
          medium.quot;
                             says by Schuyler Erle, co-author of “Mapping Hacks”
                                                                    Guardian April 7, 2005




                                                                                          88
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Online Community Mapping




                         Appendix IV:
       Whether Governments Have the Right
      to Limit and Charge for State-Collected
                            GeoData?




                                                                  89
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                                                     Online Community Mapping



                Whether Governments Have the Right to
                   Limit and Charge for State-Collected
                                             GeoData?


                                        security
                right                   privacy




           data                                economy
         usability


                           Paradoxes

                                                                  90
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Online Community Mapping




3.Paradoxes                economy
                Pro                  Con




                                                        91
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                                           Online Community Mapping




3.Paradoxes                 right
                Pro                  Con




                                                        92
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Online Community Mapping




3.Paradoxes                usability
                Pro                    Con




                                                          93
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                                             Online Community Mapping




                           security
3.Paradoxes
                           privacy
                Pro                    Con




                                                          94
  Chuang and Huang, 2005

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051102 Online Community Mapping

  • 1. Online Community Mapping Online Community Mapping The PNC 2005 Annual Conference and Joint Meetings Oct.31 to Nov.3, 2005 University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawai'i Tyng-Ruey Chuang and Andrea Wei-Ching Huang Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan Online Community Mapping Last Year: we try to understand 4 dimensions in Web-based community GIS. Four dimensions o Spatial data sources o Web technologies o People and Community o Sustainability 2 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 2. Online Community Mapping At this point in time: we can say with confidence that people, place, participation are emerging in 3 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Content for Today: What Phenomenon Supporting Theories A Proposed Model Supporting Technologies Geospatial Legal Aspects Conclusion 4 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 3. Online Community Mapping What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ? web-based interaction geographical convergence personal participation 5 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ? 2003~2004 Online Map Usage has increased 60% world wide ( Nielsen NetRatings, October 2004) 2004/ US Map Searching become top activity online in US. (Pew Internet & American Life Project survey, Dec.2004 ) 2005/ US After Google Map release… a proliferation of online map websites… quot;This is like the 1990's, when everyone was creating everything on the Web.quot; (NYTimes, October 20, 2005 ) 2005/ UK Data supplied by Ordnance Survey (OS) adds an annual value of more than £100bn to the UK economy. (Guardian, April 7, 2005) 6 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 4. Online Community Mapping We trace the emergence of specific features: see appendix I 7 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping 2. Supporting Theories In conceptualizing the making of Online Community Mapping (OCM), we draw on the theoretical perspectives of Naïve Geography Participatory Research Online Community Framework (OCF) 8 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 5. Online Community Mapping a multidisciplinary research which is involved at least geography, sociology, & sociology information/ computer science see appendix II 9 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping In theory, naïve geography stress common-sense geography of the world next-generation GIS theory base allow “errors” & “inconsistent” 10 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 6. Online Community Mapping classify a diverse collection of these phenomena 11 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping In theory, social geography focuses on the relationships between people and place. Among these, participatory research offers a model of community development. 12 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 7. Online Community Mapping issues to understand geo-spatial mapping 13 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping examples to understand geo-spatial mapping OpenStreetMap Blogmapper FreeGIS TSM ProjectOneMap CMAP CHiRP Window to My GeoURL Environment Google UpMyStreet Ordance Survey Yahoo TIGER MSN Community Atlas PPGIS Map Community Mapping PGIS Network CiGIS NSDI 14 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 8. Online Community Mapping 3. A Proposed Model 15 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping A Proposed Model for a common-sense geography of the world functionalize 16 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 9. Online Community Mapping online collaborative communities: communities popularity of online communities is increasing which based around bloggers, wikis,… phenomenalize 17 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping participatory community mapping : providing participants an approach to their self-representation, a systematic process for identifying capacities and barriers, as well as serving as a resource for mobilizing community opportunities theorize 18 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 10. Online Community Mapping A Proposed Model functionalize web technology phenomenalize integrated theorize 19 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Therefore we define *online community mapping* : The process of collaborative mapping of geo-spatial domains where people participate online. 20 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 11. Online Community Mapping 4. Supporting Technologies “Web technologies are beginning to enable users to more beyond the role of passive receivers to become active participants in collaborative information flows.” (Rogers. N.,2003) 22 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 12. Online Community Mapping Geography Information Technology In our experience, Geography Markup Language (GML) and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) well utilize existing open source resources 23 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Taiwan Population Mapping Taipei City GML-based (http://tsm.iis.sinica.edu.tw/) Interoperable Geo-spatial Systems map rendering in SVG Topographical map rendering in SVG and GML 24 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 13. Online Community Mapping eg.SVG can be used to assist existing web mapping applications UK hacker: Using SVG for paths in Google Maps Google Maps API uses VML SVG shares a lot in common with VML http://jibbering.com/blog/?p=179 25 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Theoretically Speaking, focus on 2 dimensions of usability & OCF sociability in which to understand how technology may or must be used to improve them. the emerging of social software may play a key role in the trend. 26 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 14. Online Community Mapping social software mechanisms enable group participation and collaboration Social Software •for document creation (wiki) wiki •personal publishing and syndication (blog) blog • social bookmark for links sharing (del.icio.us) del.icio.us • photo sharing (fliker) fliker • social tagging (technorati) technorati •resource sharing (BitTorrent) BitTorrent 27 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping a well-mixed bowl of 28 Chuang and Huang, 2005 wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software
  • 15. Online Community Mapping powerful tools for facilitating social communication, creating and maintaining online communities col lab o ra tive sof twa re open, simple and freely editability 29 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping who are combing social software to geo-place Examples of (geo + blog) / (geo +wiki), see appendix III 30 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 16. Online Community Mapping Why people want to tie social software to geo-place? 31 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping In theory, participatory research Mapping is one of the best participatory techniques. It also offers participants a way to their PR self-representation. Tool for interrelationship Contribute to community projects Capacity building 32 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 17. Online Community Mapping Also because their mechanism design 1. eliminate technical barriers 2. make the Web accessible as a medium for self expression and offer two-way channels to communicate with . Chuang and Huang 2005 Online Community Mapping 1. Permalink: makes cross referencing and discourse easier 2. Trackback: automates cross blog referencing ; converse and keeps correspondence explicit and persistent. 3. RSS and Atom, enables easy syndication and aggregation of blog content. 4. Content: excellent knowledge management tools 34 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 19. Online Community Mapping 5. Geospatial Legal Aspects demand for access to a IT + Web variety of geo data have not kept pace with developments data dissemination and licensing frameworks 37 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping most major mapping agencies copyright their geodata, except for the US,CAN, Brazil, AUS, and NZ 38 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 20. Online Community Mapping Whether Governments Have the Right to Limit and Charge for State-Collected GeoData? security right privacy data economy usability Paradoxes 39 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping We accept the challenge to answer this questions by analysing pro/con issues of arguments in particular See appendix IV 40 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 21. Online Community Mapping Our perspectives • online, open, and collaborative exploration of domain spaces is one of the most successful web paradigms. • we advocate more flexible licensing models : CC, GPL or dual licensing (see Dr. Chuang’s presentation this morning) • geo-spatial dataset release should be in source forms • and should be accompanied by the necessary data models (i.e., schema), metadata and catalog descriptions, data format definitions, and source code of the related software tools. 41 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping 6. Conclusion 42 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 22. Online Community Mapping This is a start toward bringing up many of these issues, and As we widen our examples and perspectives, more and more new issues crop up. At least, 43 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Online Community Online Community Mapping Mapping While these are emerging, and can be found…
  • 23. Online Community Mapping Online Community Online Community Mapping Mapping open/ collaborative geo-spatial mapping is boosting the phenomenon… Online Community Mapping Online Community Geography Information Technology + Social Software + Open Access Online Community Mapping Mapping Conceptualization of Online Community Mapping Chuang and Huang (2005)
  • 24. Online Community Mapping Comment? Criticism? Challenge? …. or 47 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping … Cheers! 48 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 25. Online Community Mapping 49 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping APPENDIX 50 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 26. Online Community Mapping This research is the key underpinning for new emerging trends in the domain of Geo- Spatial Information Sciences that link information to users of that information integrated elements embedded “where, when, who, why, and write” to link “people, place, and participation”. For these reasons, we expect this research to be a major innovation –with many unforeseen applications, as well as scientific and social consequences in a potential research manner among a wide range of disciplines. 51 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Appendix I: trace the emergence of specific features online community community mapping online mapping 52 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 27. Online Community Mapping Online Community 53 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Online Community Mapping However, Online Community = Online no universally Specific accepted Online Data Users = Groups with definition of their Specific community Online Data Contributors Interests in complex networks! Online Users contribute their data/information they are exploring Shared Data/Information Space Authority-generated Community-generated data/information 54 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 28. Online Community Mapping Online Community Mapping In the blog scenario, it means…. Google undertook Blogger.Blogger (a popular create-your- 2003 own-Web-diary software) Coined the term Blog / A “Moblogging” 2002 Common Relationship community Adam Greenfield + + Website as a set of Interest Hyperlinks The 1st posted Moblogging: 2001 blogs Stuart Woodward on LiveJournal Blogging: boost 1999 Coined the term “weblog” 1997 John Barger, Chicago: Robot Wisdom site The 1st weblog 1992 Tim Bernes- Lee: self-made content http://info.cern.ch Authority-generated Community-generated data/information 55 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Online Community Mapping In statistics, it means…. 5/26/2005 Google undertook Blogger.Blogger (a •more than the 10-11 million have been indexed popular create-your- 2003 own-Web-diary software) • more than the 31.6 million hosted blogs Coined the term “Moblogging” 2002 Adam Greenfield •BlogHerald's estimate of 60 million. The 1st posted Moblogging: 2001 Stuart Woodward on LiveJournal Blogging: boost 1999 Coined the term “weblog” 1997 John Barger, Chicago: Robot Wisdom site The 1st weblog 1992 Tim Bernes- Lee: http://info.cern.ch Source: http://www.perseus.com/blogsurvey / 56 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 29. Online Community Mapping Online Community Mapping In the wiki scenario, it means…. the Los Angeles Times 2005 experimented with using a wiki in the editorial wiki / A section but failed Common Relationship community Jimmy Wales/ 2003 + Website + Wikimedia Interest Hyperlinks as a set of Foundation wikis : Socialtext the 1st commercial 2002 open source wiki Jimbo Wales & 2001 enables documents to be written Larry Sanger build wikipedia collectively (co-authoring) 1995 established by Most wikis are open to the general public, and data Ward Cunningham most produced by the interested communities.. 57 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Online Community Mapping In statistics, it means…. the Los Angeles Times 2005 The case of wikipedia experimented with using a wiki in the editorial section but failed Jimmy Wales/ 2003 • 50 million hits per day Wikimedia Foundation • over 793,000 articles : Socialtext the 1st commercial 2002 • English-language articles over half a million open source wiki 2001 • about 40,000 people have contributed Jimbo Wales & Larry Sanger content to Wikipedia build wikipedia established by 1995 • more than 100 language versions Ward Cunningham 58 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 30. Online Community Mapping Community Mapping What is community mapping? “It is a process which identifies the location of social, economic and ecological assets and deficiencies of a community.” US Urban Strategies Council, 2003 59 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping More Specific to the Points: Projects that use maps, geo-information, information technologies to build geo-spatial representations of local knowledge, facilitate public participation, help the public more informed decision-making, improve planning process, open up local project opportunities. A survey of the current GIS literature reveals the following similar terms used to describe community-based GIS Applications (Peter A. Kwaku Kyem, 2004): Public Participation GIS (PPGIS), Participatory GIS (PGIS), PPGIS PGIS Community Integrated GIS (CiGIS), Neighborhood-created GIS, CiGIS Community Mapping 60 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 31. Online Community Mapping Online Community Mapping Abundant projects/show cases: PPGIS - Public Participation GIS (see Dr.Tsai’s last presentation) Community Mapping – (New York/, the Community Mapping Assistance Project (CMAP) Whistler's Community PGIS 2005 Conference Habitat Resources Project (CHiRP) (CHiRP) www.nonprofitmaps.org pgis2005.cta.int www.chirpwhistler.info 61 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Online Community Mapping Community Mapping, PGIS, PPGIS and P3DM Virtual Library www.iapad.org/bibliography.htm 62 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 32. Online Community Mapping Online Mapping 1993 Xerox ParcMap 1995 MapQuest 2005 Google (Map/Earth), Yahoo, Microsoft, … 63 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping major search engine players initiating street-level web map services for general public applications such as transportation, real estate, and local search 64 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 33. Online Community Mapping “significantly elevated public awareness that maps can be useful and fun.” fun (Reed, C,2005) blog Yahoo Map MSN Virtual Earth 65 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping let the public/non-experts develop maps online with points on top 66 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 34. Online Community Mapping Appendix II: take a look at the supporting theories naïve geography participatory research online community framework 67 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping “The body of knowledge that people have about the surrounding geographic world.” Egenhofer and Mark, 1995 Naïve Geography Egenhofer, M. J., and Mark, D. M., 1995. Naive Geography. In Frank, A. U. and Kuhn, W., editors, Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences No. 988, 1-15. 68 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 35. Online Community Mapping Notion of Naïve Geography 1) common-sense geography of the world 2) next-generation GIS theory base 3) core= spatial + temporal reasoning 4) qualitative reasoning method 5) allow “errors” & “inconsistent” 69 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping 70 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 36. Online Community Mapping In theory, social geography focuses on the relationships between people and place. Among place these, participatory research offers a model of community development. Participatory Research Rachel, Pain (2004), Social geography: participatory research, in Progress in Human Geography, vol. 28, no.5, pp.652-663 Pain,R (2003), Social geography: on action-orientated research, Progress in Human Geography 27, 5:649-657 71 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping 72 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 37. Online Community Mapping In the words of Rachel Pain, “(narrative authority) gives traditionally powerless groups the power to shape the way their identities” 73 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Online Community Framework (OCF) de Souzqa, C.S. & Preece, J (2004), A framework for analysing and understanding online communities, Interacting with Computers 16:579-610 74 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 38. Online Community Mapping Components & factors of the OCM framework social interaction in the what happens at the human- online community computer interface Revised from de Souzqa, C.S. & Preece,75(2004), J p580 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Purpose of OCF-based analyses 1. To understand how technology may or must be used to improve usability & sociability. 2. To prevent problems in computer- mediated communication & social interaction. 76 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 39. Online Community Mapping Appendix III: who are combing social software to geo-place 77 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping UK Case: Conversations Coates, Webb & Magdalinski (2003) observed: 1. Geocoded community = Geocoded Message board (learn from metafilter, a weblog-style message-board) metafilter weblog- 2. Every threaded conversation has a specific geographical location. 3. Designed to help you “meet your neighbors and discuss local issues” . 78 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 40. Online Community Mapping My profile: postcode geocoded Conversation Nearby Conversations History 79 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Here comes the fun part : Thread-tracking Coates, Webb & Magdalinski (2003) “Threads are not lost, people can see when things change.” 80 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 41. Online Community Mapping The WorldKit Projects 81 Chuang and Huang, 2005 http://brainoff.com/worldkit/examples.php Online Community Mapping www.blogmapper.com/ 82 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 42. Online Community Mapping Some Other Wiki Mapping Ways http://www.geowiki.co.uk/geowiki/
  • 43. Online Community Mapping Some Other Wiki Mapping Ways Online Community Mapping OpenSDI-the Open Spatial Data Infrastructure Chris Holmes’s Wiki + OpenSDI BENEFITs • Trust mechanism • How good data is eBay like Wiki Like Slashdot Like BENEFIT Decentralized • return searches Google Like based on what Geospatial web others rate as valuable 86 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 44. Online Community Mapping Chris Holmes’s Wiki + OpenSDI Thoughts 1. Wikipedia for base layer data Wiki Like 2. RSS + Spatial annotation eBay like 3. Annotated Tiger dataset : • Lets _anyone_ change the content –more Google Like users keeping things up • allow people to create their own Slashdot Like community-based layers 4. Version Control idea: •A database records every single updates •(Subversion) this last thing is that it allows you to get the list of diffs Subversion) on a zoomed in part of the map, that are the ones actually relevant for the part of the map you are looking at. •“History” section- just the numbers of the revisions by “wiki history History” section- GML application schema”/ special wiki transaction XML 87 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping quot;Because of the advantages in computing power, suddenly cartography has gone from a read-only medium into being a read/write medium.quot; says by Schuyler Erle, co-author of “Mapping Hacks” Guardian April 7, 2005 88 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 45. Online Community Mapping Appendix IV: Whether Governments Have the Right to Limit and Charge for State-Collected GeoData? 89 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping Whether Governments Have the Right to Limit and Charge for State-Collected GeoData? security right privacy data economy usability Paradoxes 90 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 46. Online Community Mapping 3.Paradoxes economy Pro Con 91 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping 3.Paradoxes right Pro Con 92 Chuang and Huang, 2005
  • 47. Online Community Mapping 3.Paradoxes usability Pro Con 93 Chuang and Huang, 2005 Online Community Mapping security 3.Paradoxes privacy Pro Con 94 Chuang and Huang, 2005