This document discusses online community mapping. It begins by defining four dimensions of web-based community GIS from last year: spatial data sources, web technologies, people and community, and sustainability. It then discusses emerging phenomena of people, place, and participation online. The document proposes a model for online community mapping and discusses supporting theories and technologies. It addresses geospatial legal aspects and concludes by defining online community mapping as the process of collaborative mapping of geo-spatial domains where people participate online.
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
051102 Online Community Mapping
1. Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping
The PNC 2005 Annual Conference and Joint Meetings
Oct.31 to Nov.3, 2005 University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawai'i
Tyng-Ruey Chuang and Andrea Wei-Ching Huang
Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica
Taipei, Taiwan
Online Community Mapping
Last Year: we try to understand 4 dimensions
in Web-based community GIS.
Four dimensions
o Spatial data sources
o Web technologies
o People and Community
o Sustainability
2
Chuang and Huang, 2005
2. Online Community Mapping
At this point in time: we can say with confidence
that people, place, participation are emerging in
3
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Content for Today:
What Phenomenon
Supporting Theories
A Proposed Model
Supporting Technologies
Geospatial Legal Aspects
Conclusion
4
Chuang and Huang, 2005
3. Online Community Mapping
What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ?
web-based interaction geographical
convergence
personal participation
5
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ?
2003~2004 Online Map Usage has increased 60% world wide
( Nielsen NetRatings, October 2004)
2004/ US Map Searching become top activity online in US.
(Pew Internet & American Life Project survey, Dec.2004 )
2005/ US
After Google Map release… a proliferation of online
map websites… quot;This is like the 1990's, when
everyone was creating everything on the Web.quot;
(NYTimes, October 20, 2005 )
2005/ UK Data supplied by Ordnance Survey (OS) adds an
annual value of more than £100bn to the UK
economy. (Guardian, April 7, 2005)
6
Chuang and Huang, 2005
4. Online Community Mapping
We trace the emergence of specific
features: see appendix I
7
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
2. Supporting Theories
In conceptualizing the making of Online
Community Mapping (OCM), we draw
on the theoretical perspectives of
Naïve Geography
Participatory Research
Online Community Framework (OCF)
8
Chuang and Huang, 2005
5. Online Community Mapping
a multidisciplinary research
which is involved at least
geography, sociology, &
sociology
information/ computer science
see appendix II
9
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
In theory, naïve geography
stress
common-sense
geography of the world
next-generation GIS
theory base
allow “errors” &
“inconsistent”
10
Chuang and Huang, 2005
6. Online Community Mapping
classify a diverse collection of
these phenomena
11
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
In theory, social geography
focuses on the relationships
between people and place.
Among these, participatory research
offers a model of community
development.
12
Chuang and Huang, 2005
7. Online Community Mapping
issues to understand geo-spatial mapping
13
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
examples to understand geo-spatial mapping
OpenStreetMap
Blogmapper FreeGIS
TSM ProjectOneMap
CMAP CHiRP
Window to My GeoURL
Environment Google
UpMyStreet
Ordance Survey Yahoo
TIGER MSN
Community Atlas PPGIS Map
Community Mapping PGIS
Network CiGIS
NSDI
14
Chuang and Huang, 2005
8. Online Community Mapping
3. A Proposed Model
15
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
A Proposed Model
for a common-sense geography of the world
functionalize
16
Chuang and Huang, 2005
9. Online Community Mapping
online collaborative communities:
communities
popularity of online communities is increasing
which based around bloggers, wikis,…
phenomenalize
17
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
participatory community mapping :
providing participants an approach to their self-representation, a
systematic process for identifying capacities and barriers, as well
as serving as a resource for mobilizing community opportunities
theorize
18
Chuang and Huang, 2005
10. Online Community Mapping
A Proposed Model
functionalize
web technology phenomenalize
integrated
theorize
19
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Therefore we define *online
community mapping* :
The process of collaborative
mapping of geo-spatial domains
where people participate online.
20
Chuang and Huang, 2005
11. Online Community Mapping
4. Supporting Technologies
“Web technologies are beginning to
enable users to more beyond the
role of passive receivers to become
active participants in collaborative
information flows.”
(Rogers. N.,2003)
22
Chuang and Huang, 2005
12. Online Community Mapping
Geography Information
Technology
In our experience,
Geography Markup Language (GML) and Scalable Vector
Graphics (SVG) well utilize existing open source resources
23
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Taiwan Population Mapping Taipei City GML-based
(http://tsm.iis.sinica.edu.tw/) Interoperable Geo-spatial Systems
map rendering in SVG Topographical map rendering in SVG and GML
24
Chuang and Huang, 2005
13. Online Community Mapping
eg.SVG can be used to assist
existing web mapping applications
UK hacker: Using SVG for paths in Google Maps
Google Maps API
uses VML
SVG shares a lot
in common with
VML
http://jibbering.com/blog/?p=179
25
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Theoretically Speaking,
focus on 2 dimensions of usability &
OCF sociability in which to understand
how technology may or must be
used to improve them.
the emerging of social software
may play a key role in the trend.
26
Chuang and Huang, 2005
14. Online Community Mapping
social software mechanisms enable
group participation and collaboration
Social Software
•for document creation (wiki)
wiki
•personal publishing and syndication (blog)
blog
• social bookmark for links sharing (del.icio.us)
del.icio.us
• photo sharing (fliker)
fliker
• social tagging (technorati)
technorati
•resource sharing (BitTorrent)
BitTorrent
27
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
a well-mixed bowl of
28
Chuang and Huang, 2005
wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software
15. Online Community Mapping
powerful tools for facilitating social
communication, creating and
maintaining online communities
col
lab
o ra
tive
sof
twa
re
open, simple and freely editability
29
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
who are combing social software
to geo-place
Examples of (geo + blog) / (geo +wiki), see appendix III
30
Chuang and Huang, 2005
16. Online Community Mapping
Why people want to
tie social software to
geo-place?
31
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
In theory, participatory research
Mapping is one of the best
participatory techniques.
It also offers participants a way to their
PR self-representation.
Tool for interrelationship
Contribute to community projects
Capacity building
32
Chuang and Huang, 2005
17. Online Community Mapping
Also because their mechanism design
1. eliminate technical barriers
2. make the Web accessible as a medium for self expression
and offer two-way channels to communicate with .
Chuang and Huang 2005
Online Community Mapping
1. Permalink: makes cross referencing and
discourse easier
2. Trackback: automates cross blog referencing ;
converse and keeps correspondence explicit
and persistent.
3. RSS and Atom, enables easy syndication and
aggregation of blog content.
4. Content: excellent knowledge management
tools
34
Chuang and Huang, 2005
19. Online Community Mapping
5. Geospatial Legal Aspects
demand for
access to a
IT + Web variety of geo
data
have not kept pace
with developments
data dissemination and licensing frameworks
37
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
most major mapping agencies copyright
their geodata, except for the US,CAN,
Brazil, AUS, and NZ
38
Chuang and Huang, 2005
20. Online Community Mapping
Whether Governments Have the Right to
Limit and Charge for State-Collected
GeoData?
security
right privacy
data economy
usability
Paradoxes
39
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
We accept the challenge to answer
this questions
by analysing
pro/con issues
of arguments in
particular
See appendix IV
40
Chuang and Huang, 2005
21. Online Community Mapping
Our perspectives
• online, open, and collaborative exploration of
domain spaces is one of the most successful web
paradigms.
• we advocate more flexible licensing models : CC,
GPL or dual licensing (see Dr. Chuang’s
presentation this morning)
• geo-spatial dataset release should be in source
forms
• and should be accompanied by the necessary data
models (i.e., schema), metadata and catalog
descriptions, data format definitions, and source
code of the related software tools.
41
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
6. Conclusion
42
Chuang and Huang, 2005
22. Online Community Mapping
This is a start toward bringing
up many of these issues, and
As we widen our examples
and perspectives, more and
more new issues crop up.
At least,
43
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Online
Community
Online
Community
Mapping
Mapping
While these are emerging, and
can be found…
23. Online Community Mapping
Online
Community
Online
Community
Mapping
Mapping
open/ collaborative geo-spatial mapping
is boosting the phenomenon…
Online Community Mapping
Online
Community
Geography
Information Technology
+
Social Software
+
Open Access Online
Community
Mapping
Mapping
Conceptualization of Online Community Mapping
Chuang and Huang (2005)
24. Online Community Mapping
Comment?
Criticism?
Challenge?
…. or
47
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
… Cheers!
48
Chuang and Huang, 2005
25. Online Community Mapping
49
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
APPENDIX
50
Chuang and Huang, 2005
26. Online Community Mapping
This research is the key underpinning
for new emerging trends in the domain of Geo-
Spatial Information Sciences that link information to
users of that information integrated elements
embedded “where, when, who, why, and write” to
link “people, place, and participation”.
For these reasons, we expect this research to be a
major innovation –with many unforeseen
applications, as well as scientific and social
consequences in a potential research manner
among a wide range of disciplines.
51
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Appendix I:
trace the emergence of specific features
online community
community mapping
online mapping
52
Chuang and Huang, 2005
27. Online Community Mapping
Online Community
53
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping
However, Online Community = Online
no universally Specific
accepted Online Data Users = Groups with
definition of their Specific
community Online Data Contributors Interests
in complex
networks! Online Users contribute their data/information
they are exploring
Shared Data/Information Space
Authority-generated Community-generated data/information
54
Chuang and Huang, 2005
28. Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping
In the blog scenario, it means….
Google undertook
Blogger.Blogger (a
popular create-your- 2003
own-Web-diary software)
Coined the term Blog / A
“Moblogging” 2002 Common Relationship community
Adam Greenfield + +
Website as a set of
Interest Hyperlinks
The 1st posted
Moblogging: 2001
blogs
Stuart Woodward
on LiveJournal
Blogging: boost 1999
Coined the term
“weblog” 1997
John Barger,
Chicago: Robot
Wisdom site
The 1st weblog 1992
Tim Bernes- Lee: self-made content
http://info.cern.ch
Authority-generated Community-generated data/information
55
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping
In statistics, it means….
5/26/2005
Google undertook
Blogger.Blogger (a •more than the 10-11 million have been indexed
popular create-your- 2003
own-Web-diary software)
• more than the 31.6 million hosted blogs
Coined the term
“Moblogging” 2002
Adam Greenfield •BlogHerald's estimate of 60 million.
The 1st posted
Moblogging: 2001
Stuart Woodward
on LiveJournal
Blogging: boost 1999
Coined the term
“weblog” 1997
John Barger,
Chicago: Robot
Wisdom site
The 1st weblog 1992
Tim Bernes- Lee:
http://info.cern.ch
Source: http://www.perseus.com/blogsurvey /
56
Chuang and Huang, 2005
29. Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping
In the wiki scenario, it means….
the Los Angeles
Times 2005
experimented
with using a wiki
in the editorial wiki / A
section but failed Common Relationship community
Jimmy Wales/ 2003 + Website +
Wikimedia Interest Hyperlinks as a set of
Foundation wikis
:
Socialtext the
1st commercial 2002
open source wiki
Jimbo Wales & 2001 enables documents to be written
Larry Sanger
build wikipedia
collectively (co-authoring)
1995
established by Most wikis are open to the general public, and data
Ward Cunningham
most produced by the interested communities..
57
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping
In statistics, it means….
the Los Angeles
Times 2005 The case of wikipedia
experimented
with using a wiki
in the editorial
section but failed
Jimmy Wales/ 2003
• 50 million hits per day
Wikimedia
Foundation • over 793,000 articles
:
Socialtext the
1st commercial 2002 • English-language articles over half a million
open source wiki
2001
• about 40,000 people have contributed
Jimbo Wales &
Larry Sanger content to Wikipedia
build wikipedia
established by
1995 • more than 100 language versions
Ward Cunningham
58
Chuang and Huang, 2005
30. Online Community Mapping
Community Mapping
What is community mapping?
“It is a process which identifies the location of social, economic
and ecological assets and deficiencies of a community.”
US Urban Strategies Council, 2003
59
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
More Specific to the Points:
Projects that use maps, geo-information, information
technologies to build geo-spatial representations of local knowledge,
facilitate public participation, help the public more informed
decision-making, improve planning process, open up local
project opportunities.
A survey of the current GIS literature reveals the following similar
terms used to describe community-based GIS Applications (Peter A. Kwaku
Kyem, 2004): Public Participation GIS (PPGIS), Participatory GIS (PGIS),
PPGIS PGIS
Community Integrated GIS (CiGIS), Neighborhood-created GIS,
CiGIS
Community Mapping
60
Chuang and Huang, 2005
31. Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping
Abundant projects/show cases:
PPGIS - Public Participation GIS (see Dr.Tsai’s last presentation)
Community Mapping – (New York/, the Community Mapping Assistance Project (CMAP)
Whistler's Community
PGIS 2005 Conference Habitat Resources
Project (CHiRP)
(CHiRP)
www.nonprofitmaps.org pgis2005.cta.int www.chirpwhistler.info
61
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Online Community Mapping
Community Mapping, PGIS, PPGIS and P3DM Virtual Library
www.iapad.org/bibliography.htm 62
Chuang and Huang, 2005
32. Online Community Mapping
Online Mapping
1993 Xerox ParcMap
1995 MapQuest 2005 Google (Map/Earth),
Yahoo, Microsoft, …
63
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
major search engine players initiating street-level web
map services for general public applications such as
transportation, real estate, and local search
64
Chuang and Huang, 2005
33. Online Community Mapping
“significantly elevated public awareness
that maps can be useful and fun.”
fun
(Reed, C,2005)
blog
Yahoo Map
MSN Virtual Earth
65
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
let the public/non-experts develop maps online with points on
top
66
Chuang and Huang, 2005
34. Online Community Mapping
Appendix II:
take a look at the supporting theories
naïve geography
participatory research
online community framework
67
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
“The body of knowledge that people have
about the surrounding geographic world.”
Egenhofer and Mark, 1995
Naïve Geography
Egenhofer, M. J., and Mark, D. M., 1995. Naive Geography. In Frank, A. U. and
Kuhn, W., editors, Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS,
Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences No. 988, 1-15.
68
Chuang and Huang, 2005
35. Online Community Mapping
Notion of Naïve Geography
1) common-sense geography of the world
2) next-generation GIS theory base
3) core= spatial + temporal reasoning
4) qualitative reasoning method
5) allow “errors” & “inconsistent”
69
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
70
Chuang and Huang, 2005
36. Online Community Mapping
In theory, social geography focuses on the
relationships between people and place. Among
place
these, participatory research offers a model of
community development.
Participatory Research
Rachel, Pain (2004), Social geography: participatory research, in Progress in
Human Geography, vol. 28, no.5, pp.652-663
Pain,R (2003), Social geography: on action-orientated research, Progress in
Human Geography 27, 5:649-657
71
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
72
Chuang and Huang, 2005
37. Online Community Mapping
In the words of Rachel Pain,
“(narrative authority) gives
traditionally powerless groups
the power to shape the way
their identities”
73
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Online Community Framework
(OCF)
de Souzqa, C.S. & Preece, J (2004),
A framework for analysing and understanding online communities,
Interacting with Computers 16:579-610
74
Chuang and Huang, 2005
38. Online Community Mapping
Components & factors of the OCM
framework
social interaction in the what happens at the human-
online community computer interface
Revised from
de Souzqa, C.S. & Preece,75(2004),
J
p580
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Purpose of OCF-based analyses
1. To understand how technology
may or must be used to improve
usability & sociability.
2. To prevent problems in computer-
mediated communication & social
interaction.
76
Chuang and Huang, 2005
39. Online Community Mapping
Appendix III:
who are combing social software
to geo-place
77
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
UK Case: Conversations
Coates, Webb & Magdalinski (2003) observed:
1. Geocoded community = Geocoded Message
board (learn from metafilter, a weblog-style message-board)
metafilter weblog-
2. Every threaded conversation has a specific
geographical location.
3. Designed to help you “meet your neighbors
and discuss local issues” .
78
Chuang and Huang, 2005
40. Online Community Mapping
My profile: postcode geocoded
Conversation Nearby
Conversations
History
79
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Here comes the fun part :
Thread-tracking
Coates, Webb & Magdalinski (2003)
“Threads are not lost, people can
see when things change.”
80
Chuang and Huang, 2005
41. Online Community Mapping
The WorldKit Projects
81
Chuang and Huang, 2005 http://brainoff.com/worldkit/examples.php
Online Community Mapping
www.blogmapper.com/
82
Chuang and Huang, 2005
43. Online Community Mapping
Some Other Wiki Mapping Ways
Online Community Mapping
OpenSDI-the Open Spatial Data Infrastructure
Chris Holmes’s Wiki + OpenSDI
BENEFITs
• Trust mechanism
• How good data is
eBay like
Wiki Like
Slashdot Like BENEFIT
Decentralized • return searches
Google Like based on what
Geospatial web others rate as
valuable
86
Chuang and Huang, 2005
44. Online Community Mapping
Chris Holmes’s Wiki + OpenSDI
Thoughts
1. Wikipedia for base layer data Wiki Like
2. RSS + Spatial annotation
eBay like
3. Annotated Tiger dataset :
• Lets _anyone_ change the content –more Google Like
users keeping things up
• allow people to create their own Slashdot Like
community-based layers
4. Version Control idea:
•A database records every single updates
•(Subversion) this last thing is that it allows you to get the list of diffs
Subversion)
on a zoomed in part of the map, that are the ones actually relevant
for the part of the map you are looking at.
•“History” section- just the numbers of the revisions by “wiki history
History” section-
GML application schema”/ special wiki transaction XML
87
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
quot;Because of the advantages in
computing power, suddenly
cartography has gone from a read-only
medium into being a read/write
medium.quot;
says by Schuyler Erle, co-author of “Mapping Hacks”
Guardian April 7, 2005
88
Chuang and Huang, 2005
45. Online Community Mapping
Appendix IV:
Whether Governments Have the Right
to Limit and Charge for State-Collected
GeoData?
89
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
Whether Governments Have the Right to
Limit and Charge for State-Collected
GeoData?
security
right privacy
data economy
usability
Paradoxes
90
Chuang and Huang, 2005
46. Online Community Mapping
3.Paradoxes economy
Pro Con
91
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
3.Paradoxes right
Pro Con
92
Chuang and Huang, 2005
47. Online Community Mapping
3.Paradoxes usability
Pro Con
93
Chuang and Huang, 2005
Online Community Mapping
security
3.Paradoxes
privacy
Pro Con
94
Chuang and Huang, 2005