2. Growing Inequality between North
and South
 80% of world lives on 20% of worlds income
 United States, 5% of world population uses 30% of
world’s resources

3. Income Gap Between Rich and Poor
Rich Countries GDP Per Capita
Luxembourg $60,228
Norway $41,420
Ireland $ 38,505
United States $41,890
Poor Countries GDP Per Capita
Ethiopia $1,055
Dem. Rep. Congo $827
Malawi $667
Nepal $1,550

7. What is Poverty? How to Measure?
 World Bank: $1.25 per day or less=Absolute Poverty
 1.4 billion live in absolute poverty
 However, with the exception of Sub-Saharan, most
developing countries are reducing poverty

9. Measures of Poverty
 Literacy Rates: Illiteracy and poverty are strongly
connected.
 Increased literacy rate=foreign investments, reduce
population growth, improve health care, create wealth
 Haiti: ½ of all school-age children have never attended
school

11. Measures of Poverty
 Malnutrition: More obvious and important indicator
of poverty than low literacy rates.
 Malnutrition causes impaired vision, inability to
concentrate and learn, vulnerability to dease, shorter
life.
 1/6 (840 million) of worlds population malnourished
 1 billion malnourished 1969-1971
 Decrease largely in China

12. Malnutrition
 Malnutrition cause of 60% of children’s deaths in
Developing World

13. Effects of Malnutrition
 1980: 40,000 deaths from malnutrition a day
 1990: 35,000 deaths from malnutrition a day
 2010: 24,000 deaths from malnutrition a day
 Access to food is often determined by gender, control
of resources, and social status.

15. Results of Poverty
 Famine: During Ethnic conflicts, factions often use
food as weapons. Deliberately restrict availability of
food in order to starve population.
 Example: Ethiopia, Somalia, Angola, Sudan
 Famin in sudan has claimed 2.5 million lives
 3 million Sudanese are starving

16. Inadequate Health Care
 Inadequate Health Care in an indicator of poverty.
 Poor health=no energy=no employment=no money
 Infectious diseases thrive in unsanitary conditions.

19. Economic Inequalities in Rich
Countries
 Within in the US gap between rich and poor has
widened since 1977.
 In 1999 richest 1% (2.7 million) earned as much as the
poorest 100 million (37% of US)
 2000: Top 1%=862,000
Bottom 40%= $21,350
Many unpaved roads, raw sewage runs through streets
during heavy rains, rust colored water for bathing
Bayview, Virginia

21. Regional Inequalities
 Asia, Africa and most of Latin America in similar
position 40 years ago
 East Asia now occupies top position in developing
world, Latin America in the middle, Africa on the
bottom.
 Asia and Latin industrializing and reduced
dependency on primary products.
 Africa’s economic conditions essentially the same as 40
years ago

22. Sharp Disparities within Countries
 Distinct worlds within most countries
 Rich people live glamorous lives similar to the West
 Poor live in slums, often treated as slaves
 Swaziland: King Mswati, last absolute monarch in
SSA, drives between his palaces in a $500,00 luxury car
 2/3 of Swazis live below UN poverty line, 40%
unemployed
 Last year the king spent almost $21.5 million on palaces
and BMWs for his wives.

23. 50,000 virgins?

24. Causes of Inequality
 Hotly debated topic
1. Colonialism and its legacies
2. Structure of world economy
3. Increasing globalization of economy
4. Overpopulation
5. Ineffective government
6. Political and Economic Instability
7. Natural Disasters

25. Colonialism
 Laid foundation for economic gap between rich and
poor
 Inequality breeds inequality.
 Does not mean the situation cannot change
 Singapore, South Korea, Kuwait-all now very wealthy

26. Structure of World Economy
 Many poor nations suggest that govts. And businesses
in rich countries work together to maintain unfair
world economy…i.e Dependency Theory
 Challenges to theory?
 Increasing number of developing countries exporting
to US and experiencing greater prosperity
 Opening of MNC’s in developing Countries

27. Increasing Globalization
 Globalization contributes to both inequality and
greater equality
 Programmers and Computer Experts in India recruited
to work for IBM, Motorola
 Free Trade led many Mexicans to gain jobs and
improve standard of living
 But to compete, govts. Adopt policies that promote
greater inequality (reduce spending on social services,
health care, etc)

28.  Growth rate or 250% in poor countries.
 Children regarded as social security and labor.
Overpopulation
Government policies
•North Korea vs South Korea
•North Korea isolated self and adopted communism
•South Korea integrated into global economy.
•Govt. policies of China have created significant
growth

29. Other Causes
•Civil War: societies torn by civil war and ethnic
conflict have little hope of getting out of poverty
•Discourage foreign investment and lets most
successful citizens flee and invest their resources
elsewhere
•Natural Disasters: Natural disasters destroy
economic sectors, create infrastructure problems,
force relocation.

34. How to Narrow the Gap
 Millenium Development Goals
 NGO’s
 Democracy
 Grassroots Organizations (Grameen Bank)
 Green Revolution
 Debt Reduction
 Development Assistance

36. What is the UN?
 International Organization founded in 1945 after
WWII with the mission to stop wars between
countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.
 192 member states (all sovereign states)

37. What are the MDG’s?
 8 International Development Goals all member states
have agreed to achieve by 2015.
 Officially established at the Millennium Summit in
2000, where all heads of state were present

38. MDG’s
 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
 2. Achieve universal primary education
 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
 4. Reduce child mortality rate
 5. Improve maternal health
 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
 8. Develop a global partnership for development

39. 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and
Hunger
Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on
less than $1 a day
Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women,
Men, and Young People
Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who
suffer from hunger

40. 2. Achieve Universal Primary
Education
 Target 2a: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a
full course of primary schooling
 How to Measure?
 Enrollment in primary education
 Completion of primary education
 Literacy of 15-24 year olds, female and male

41. 3. Promote Gender Equality and
Empower Women
Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary
and secondary education preferably by 2005, and
at all levels by 2015
 How to Measure?
 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary
education
 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
agricultural sector
 Proportion of seats held by women in national
parliament

42. 4. Reduce Child Mortality
 Target 4a: Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate
among children under five
How to measure?
 4.1 Under-five mortality rate
 4.2 Infant mortality rate
 4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised
against measles


43. 5. Improve Maternal Health
 Target 5a: Reduce by three quarters the maternal
mortality ratio
 How to Measure?
 5.1 Maternal mortality ratio
 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health
personnel
Target 5b: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to
reproductive health

44. 6. Combat HIV/AIDS and other
infectious diseases
 Target 6a: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
 How to Measure?
 6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years
 6.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex
 6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with
comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
 6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school
attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years

45. 6. Combat HIV/AIDS and other
infectious diseases
 Target 6b: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for
HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

Target 6c: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and
other major diseases

6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria
 6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated
bednets
 6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with
appropriate anti-malarial drugs
 6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
 6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly
observed treatment short course

46. 7. Ensure Environmental
Sustainability
 Target 7a: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental
resources
 Target 7b: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the rate of loss
 7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest
 7.2 CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
 7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
 7.5 Proportion of total water resources used
 7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
 7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction

47. Ensure Environmental
Sustainability
 Target 7c: Reduce by half the proportion of people
without sustainable access to safe drinking water
and basic sanitation
 Target 7d: Achieve significant improvement in
lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020

48. 8. Create a Global Partnership for
Development
 Target 8a: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-
discriminatory trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty
reduction; both nationally and internationally

Target 8b: Address the special needs of the least developed
countries
Includes tariff and quota free access for the least developed countries'
exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for heavily indebted poor
countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more
generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction

49. Global Partnership for
Development Continued
 Target 8c: Address the special needs of landlocked developing
countries and small island developing States
Target 8d: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
developing countries
 How to Measure?
 Market access
 Debt sustainability
 Access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
 Make available the benefits of new technologies, especially
information and communications