The document discusses the anatomy of the ureters, including their origin, course, relations, and three main constriction points. It notes that the ureters originate at the hilum of the kidneys and travel downward for about 25cm each before entering the bladder. The three areas of constriction are at the pelviureteric junction at the origin, the pelvic brim where the ureter crosses the external iliac artery, and the vesicoureteric junction just before entering the bladder. The applied anatomy section notes that urinary tract stones most commonly form at these constriction sites and can cause pain radiating from the lower back to groin along with potential complications like

1. CONSTRICTIONS OF URETER&ITS APPLIED ANATOMY By, AMUTHAMEENA MANOHARAN THIAGGU PALAN JAYAGANTHAN MANAUGAR MOHD ZAHIR

2. OVERVIEW Origin , course & relations Constrictions Applied anatomy

5. ORIGIN, COURSE & RELATIONS

6. ORIGIN, COURSE & RELATIONS

7. ORIGIN, COURSE & RELATIONS

8. 3 Constrictions : at its origin = pelviureteric junction 2) pelvic brim = when it crosses external iliac artery 3) vesicoureteric junction = just before it ends in bladder CONSTRICTIONS

9. CONSTRICTIONS origin pelvic brim vesicoureteric junction

10. APPLIED ANATOMY Urinary tract stones Easily formed in the constriction sites More frequent in men More common in people aged 20-60 yrs old Pain radiates from ‘loin to groin’ Hematuria occurs sometimes Other complications: Infection Urinary obstruction Renal failure

11. APPLIED ANATOMY

15. Reference BD chaurasia Gray’s anatomy Applied anatomy snell