11. Significant additional technology developments required to meet Kyoto Protocol i.e. average one-percent-per-year emission reduction by European Union.
12. Challenge of future energy supply not only based on renewable but also on efficient fossil fuel conversion and subsequent capture and sequestration of the greenhouse gas CO2.
33. The total amount of heat evolved from reaction (1) plus (2) is the same as for normal combustion where the oxygen is in direct contact with the fuel.
61. Crushing strength: normally increases with sintering temperature Figure. Crushing strength as a function of the sintering temperature for iron particles of different composition
62. Rate Index Vs Crushing Strength of Fe(a),Mn(b) & Ni(c) oxide:
65. Problem of de-fluidization can be avoided by using larger height/width ratio of the bed, or by simply avoiding the reduction of the particles to too low degrees of conversion
66.
67. Ni oxides and Cu oxides are by far the most reactive oxygen carriers.
68.
69. Nickel oxides can not totally convert the fuel gases to CO2 and H2O.
81. Instead of burning the fuel, it is partially oxidized using a solid oxygen carrier and some steam to produce an undiluted stream of H2, CO, H2O and CO2.
82. Actual composition of this mixture depends upon air ratio, i.e. fraction of oxygen supplied to fuel by oxygen carriers in fuel reactor to that needed for complete oxidation.
83. This gas could then be converted to a mixture of pure H2 and CO2 in a low temperature shift reactor.
84. Depending upon purity of H2 required and pressure CO2 can be removed by either absorption or adsorption processes.
85.
86. Natural gas reacts with steam at high pressures inside tubes containing suitable catalysts.
128. Extensive research currently being performed and the results with respect to oxygen carrier development and prototype testing is highly promising.
129. The process studies performed have shown high efficiencies in comparison to other capture techniques.
130.
131. Comparison of oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion by marcus johansson,tobiyas mattison and anders lingfelt, BIBILID: 0354-9836, 10 (2006), 3, 93-107
133. Hydrogen and power production with intigrated CO2 capture by chemical looping reforming by magnus rayden and lyngfelt
134. Investigation of Chemical Looping Combustion by Solid Fuels. 1.Process Analysis by Yan Cao and Wei-Ping Pan, Energy & Fuels 2006, 20, 1836-1844
135. CO2 capture by means of chemical looping combustion by Didier Pavone , from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Multiphysics User's Conference 2005 Paris
136. CLC-a novel combustion technology for CO2 capture by Rong Yan*, Baowen Wang, David Tee Liang, Workshop on Carbon Capture and Utilization”, August 11-12, 2008